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Stud Mycol
2011 Jan 01;68:79-113. doi: 10.3114/sim.2011.68.04.
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An overview of the taxonomy, phylogeny, and typification of nectriaceous fungi in Cosmospora, Acremonium, Fusarium, Stilbella, and Volutella.
Gräfenhan T
,
Schroers HJ
,
Nirenberg HI
,
Seifert KA
.
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A comprehensive phylogenetic reassessment of the ascomycete genus Cosmospora (Hypocreales, Nectriaceae) is undertaken using fresh isolates and historical strains, sequences of two protein encoding genes, the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (rpb2), and a new phylogenetic marker, the larger subunit of ATP citrate lyase (acl1). The result is an extensive revision of taxonomic concepts, typification, and nomenclatural details of many anamorph- and teleomorph-typified genera of the Nectriaceae, most notably Cosmospora and Fusarium. The combined phylogenetic analysis shows that the present concept of Fusarium is not monophyletic and that the genus divides into two large groups, one basal in the family, the other terminal, separated by a large group of species classified in genera such as Calonectria, Neonectria, and Volutella. All accepted genera received high statistical support in the phylogenetic analyses. Preliminary polythetic morphological descriptions are presented for each genus, providing details of perithecia, micro- and/or macro-conidial synanamorphs, cultural characters, and ecological traits. Eight species are included in our restricted concept of Cosmospora, two of which have previously documented teleomorphs and all of which have Acremonium-like microconidial anamorphs. A key is provided to the three anamorphic species recognised in Atractium, which is removed from synonymy with Fusarium and epitypified for two macroconidial synnematous species and one sporodochial species associated with waterlogged wood. Dialonectria is recognised as distinct from Cosmospora and two species with teleomorph, macroconidia and microconidia are accepted, including the new species D. ullevolea. Seven species, one with a known teleomorph, are classified in Fusicolla, formerly considered a synonym of Fusarium including members of the F. aquaeductuum and F. merismoides species complex, with several former varieties raised to species rank. Originally a section of Nectria, Macroconia is raised to generic rank for five species, all producing a teleomorph and macroconidial anamorph. A new species of the Verticillium-like anamorphic genus Mariannaea is described as M. samuelsii. Microcera is recognised as distinct from Fusarium and a key is included for four macroconidial species, that are usually parasites of scale insects, two of them with teleomorphs. The four accepted species of Stylonectria each produce a teleomorph and micro- and macroconidial synanamorphs. The Volutella species sampled fall into three clades. Pseudonectria is accepted for a perithecial and sporodochial species that occurs on Buxus. Volutella s. str. also includes perithecial and/or sporodochial species and is revised to include a synnematous species formerly included in Stilbella. The third Volutella-like clade remains unnamed. All fungi in this paper are named using a single name system that gives priority to the oldest generic names and species epithets, irrespective of whether they are originally based on anamorph or teleomorph structures. The rationale behind this is discussed.
Fig. 1. (p. 89). Maximum likelihood (ML) tree under the M3 codon model inferred
from combined rpb2 + acl1 gene sequence data set.
Negative-log likelihood (-lnL) of the ML tree is –54,991.4885. Branches
with ML-BP and MP-BP values of > 75 % and PP scores > 0.95 are in bold.
Internodes that are supported with individual values of ML-BP or MP-BP > 75
% or PP scores > 0.95, respectively, are drawn in bold and grey. Symbols
following strain numbers indicate different morphs known for the species:
â—‹ = microconidial state, â‹„ = Fusarium-like macroconidial
state, â–µ = teleomorph. Vertical bars in red indicate members of
Cosmospora sensu Rossman et al.
(1999), yellow bars taxa of
the basal Fusarium-like clade, and a dark grey bar species of the
terminal Fusarium clade, respectively.
Fig. 2. Atractium species. A. Atractium crassum, as illustrated
in the protologue by Wollenweber
(1930). B. Atractium
stilbaster, original drawing by Ditmar accompanying the protologue of
Atractium, designated here as lectotype for A. stilbaster.
C. Atractium crassum, digital photographs of living conidiomata
(left) and a conidium (right) from a collection made in Ontario, Canada
(K.A.S. 809).
Fig. 3. A–J. Dialonectria ullevolea, ex-type strain (BBA 64549). A.
Micro- and macroconidia formed on CMA after 18 d. B. Colony surface on PDA
after 1 mo. C. Microconidia formed on CMA after 18 d. D–E. Phialides
bearing microconidia on agar surface (D) and submerged (E) on CMA after 14 d.
F. Cylindrical asci with obliquely uniseriate ascospores. G. Pyriform
perithecia in culture on CMA after 50 d. H. Cells at surface of perithecial
wall mounted in water. I. Perithecial apex mounted in water. J. Ascospores in
optical section mounted in water. Scale bars: C, D, E, J = 10 μm; A, F, H,
I = 20 μm; G = 200 μm.
Fig. 4. Fusicolla betae, lectotype (K). A. Sporodochium. B. Conidia and
phialides. Scale bar in B = 10 μm.
Fig. 5. Fusarium biasolettianum, authentic material (PRM 155487).
Macroconidia. Scale bar = 10 μm.
Fig. 6. Mariannaea samuelsii, ex-type strain. A, B. Obverse and reverse of
14 d old colony on oatmeal agar. C, D. Conidiophores showing verticillate
branching. E. Imbricate conidial chains. F. Conidia. Scale bars = 10
μm.
Fig. 7. Two Microcera species. A, B. Microcera coccophila. A.
Habit, with conical red perithecia on a stroma growing over scale insect and
flame-like synnema emerging from the top. B. Macroconidia. C, D. M.
larvarum. C. Flame-like conidiomata on scale insect. D. Conidia. Scale
bars = 10 μm.
Fig. 8. Volutella citrinella, colony and microscopic characters. A, B.
Colony on oatmeal agar showing typical purple pigment and yellowish slime of
the synnemata. C, D. Determinate synnemata developed in culture. E.
Conidiophores. F. Conidia. G, H, I. Seta-like marginal hypha in culture (DAOM
226716, 165570). Scale bars = 10 μm.
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