Echinobase Image ID: 208665

Scheme 1. Schematic diagram of the synthesis process and application of BA@PDA-PA in the treatment of OP. (A) Design schematic diagram of BA@PDA-PA: (I) The biological behaviors of sea cucumbers. (II) Schematic diagram of the synthesis process of BA@PDA-PA. (B) Mechanism of BA@PDA-PA in the treatment of OP in mice: (I) In the bone microenvironment of OP, excessively differentiated mature osteoclasts adhere to the bone surface and secrete a large amount of H+; BA@PDA-PA neutralizes the excess H+, releases BP and Ca2+, and ameliorates the acidic microenvironment of OP. (II) The released BP effectively scavenges excess ROS in the inflammatory microenvironment, promotes macrophage polarization from the M1 to M2 phenotype, regulates the immune microenvironment, and subsequently degrades into non-toxic PxOy after treatment. (III) The released BP cooperate with Ca2+ to promote osteoblast-mediated bone formation and inhibit osteoclastogenesis, reversing OP Image published in: Shen X et al. (2026) Image downloaded from an Open Access article in PubMed Central. © The Author(s) 2026 Larger Image Printer Friendly View

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