Click
here to close Hello! We notice that
you are using Internet Explorer, which is not supported by Echinobase
and may cause the site to display incorrectly. We suggest using a
current version of Chrome,
FireFox,
or Safari.
PLoS One
2019 Nov 15;1411:e0225248. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225248.
Show Gene links
Show Anatomy links
Sea star wasting disease demography and etiology in the brooding sea star Leptasterias spp.
Jaffe N
,
Eberl R
,
Bucholz J
,
Cohen CS
.
???displayArticle.abstract???
Sea star wasting disease (SSWD) describes a suite of disease signs believed to have led to catastrophic die-offs in many asteroid species, beginning in 2013. While most studies have focused on large, easily visible sea stars with widely-dispersing larvae, less information is available on the effect of this disease outbreak on smaller sea star species, such as the six-armed sea star Leptasterias spp. Unlike many larger sea stars, Leptasterias brood non-feeding young instead of broadcast-spawning planktonic larvae. Limited dispersal and thus limited gene flow may make these sea stars more vulnerable to local selective pressures, such as disease outbreaks. Here, we examined Leptasterias populations at sites along the California coast and documented abundance changes coincident with recent Pacific coast SSWD in 2014. Detection of Leptasterias in central California declined, and Leptasterias were not detected at multiple sites clustered around the San Francisco Bay outflow in the most recent surveys. Additionally, we categorized disease signs in Leptasterias in the field and laboratory, which mirrored those seen in larger sea stars in both settings. Finally, we found that magnesium chloride (MgCl2) slowed the progression of physical deterioration related to SSWD when applied to sea stars in the laboratory, suggesting that MgCl2 may prolong the survival of diseased individuals.
???displayArticle.pubmedLink???
31751376
???displayArticle.pmcLink???PMC6872156 ???displayArticle.link???PLoS One
Fig 1. Map of abundance survey sites in California.Colored symbols indicate regional sampling areas. Refer to S1 Table for more detail.
Fig 2. Leptasterias abundance observed from 2010 to 2016.Sampling sites from North to South (41°47âN to 36°38âN). Each square represents the greatest number of Leptasterias found per sampling day for a particular year converted to abundance ranking as follows: blackâabundant (>500 individuals); dark greyâcommon (100â499 individuals); medium greyâpresent (10â99 individuals); light greyârare (1â9 individuals); redâno Leptasterias; whiteâno data. Asterisks indicate observations â¤3 observer hours.
Fig 3. Examples of gross morphological signs observed in field Leptasterias across stages of SSWD (categories 0â4).(a) and (b): Visually healthy Leptasteriasâcategory 0. (c) Possible lesions on multiple arms; however, may be mottled colorationâcategory 1. (d) Axillary lesion, possibly the result of SSWD, magnified to show ossicle exposureâcategory 1. (e) Deflated appearance, lesions on multiple armsâcategory 2. (f) Distal lesion, possible abrasion at arm tipâcategory 2. (g) Deflated appearance, body wall rupture in central disk and arms, internal organs emerging from disc and armâcategory 3. (h) Axillary body wall rupture, advanced arm autotomizationâcategory 3. (i) Extremely deflated appearance, necrosis in majority of central disk, body wall rupture across most of bodyâcategory 4. (j) Body wall rupture across majority of central disk, complete autotomization of multiple arms, severe abrasion on multiple arm tipsâcategory 4.
Fig 4. Morphological signs of disease observed in the laboratory.(a) Wasting lesion in axilla. (b) Early signs of wasting: white lesion on ray. (c) Wasting lesion on ray with ossicle exposure. (d) Black tissue on tube feet. (e) Wasting lesion on central disk. (f) Close-up of lesion seen in 5e with arrows denoting madreporite and exposed ossicles.
Fig 5. Survivorship plot depicting the number of days from initial signs of wasting until death or end of experiment, with MgCl2 + ice treatment in blue, and ice-only treatment in orange.
Anderson,
The invasion, persistence and spread of infectious diseases within animal and plant communities.
1986, Pubmed
Anderson,
The invasion, persistence and spread of infectious diseases within animal and plant communities.
1986,
Pubmed
Bates,
Effects of temperature, season and locality on wasting disease in the keystone predatory sea star Pisaster ochraceus.
2009,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Bucci,
Sea Star Wasting Disease in Asterias forbesi along the Atlantic Coast of North America.
2017,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Burge,
Complementary approaches to diagnosing marine diseases: a union of the modern and the classic.
2016,
Pubmed
Burge,
Climate change influences on marine infectious diseases: implications for management and society.
2014,
Pubmed
Eisenlord,
Ochre star mortality during the 2014 wasting disease epizootic: role of population size structure and temperature.
2016,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Fuess,
Up in Arms: Immune and Nervous System Response to Sea Star Wasting Disease.
2015,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Gravem,
Shifts in intertidal zonation and refuge use by prey after mass mortalities of two predators.
2017,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Groner,
Host demography influences the prevalence and severity of eelgrass wasting disease.
2014,
Pubmed
Groner,
Managing marine disease emergencies in an era of rapid change.
2016,
Pubmed
Gudenkauf,
Metatranscriptomic Analysis of Pycnopodia helianthoides (Asteroidea) Affected by Sea Star Wasting Disease.
2015,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Harley,
The impacts of climate change in coastal marine systems.
2006,
Pubmed
Harvell,
Disease epidemic and a marine heat wave are associated with the continental-scale collapse of a pivotal predator (Pycnopodia helianthoides).
2019,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Hemond,
Genetic diversity and connectivity in the threatened staghorn coral (Acropora cervicornis) in Florida.
2010,
Pubmed
Hewson,
Densovirus associated with sea-star wasting disease and mass mortality.
2014,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Hoegh-Guldberg,
The impact of climate change on the world's marine ecosystems.
2010,
Pubmed
Jurgens,
Patterns of Mass Mortality among Rocky Shore Invertebrates across 100 km of Northeastern Pacific Coastline.
2015,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Kelly,
Genetic structure among 50 species of the northeastern Pacific rocky intertidal community.
2010,
Pubmed
Kohl,
Decreased Temperature Facilitates Short-Term Sea Star Wasting Disease Survival in the Keystone Intertidal Sea Star Pisaster ochraceus.
2016,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Lafferty,
Infectious diseases affect marine fisheries and aquaculture economics.
2015,
Pubmed
Maynard,
Improving marine disease surveillance through sea temperature monitoring, outlooks and projections.
2016,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Meldrum,
Energetics of lymphocyte "burnout" in late sepsis: adjuvant treatment with ATP-MgCl2 improves energetics and decreases lethality.
1994,
Pubmed
Menge,
Sea Star Wasting Disease in the Keystone Predator Pisaster ochraceus in Oregon: Insights into Differential Population Impacts, Recovery, Predation Rate, and Temperature Effects from Long-Term Research.
2016,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Miner,
Large-scale impacts of sea star wasting disease (SSWD) on intertidal sea stars and implications for recovery.
2018,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Montecino-Latorre,
Devastating Transboundary Impacts of Sea Star Wasting Disease on Subtidal Asteroids.
2016,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Moritsch,
Reduction and recovery of keystone predation pressure after disease-related mass mortality.
2018,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Nappi,
Melanogenesis and associated cytotoxic reactions: applications to insect innate immunity.
2005,
Pubmed
Noble,
Multitiered approach using quantitative PCR to track sources of fecal pollution affecting Santa Monica Bay, California.
2006,
Pubmed
Núñez-Pons,
Exploring the pathology of an epidermal disease affecting a circum-Antarctic sea star.
2018,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Oyarzúa Alarcón,
Antimicrobial properties of magnesium chloride at low pH in the presence of anionic bases.
2014,
Pubmed
Puritz,
Coastal pollution limits pelagic larval dispersal.
2011,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Ritchie,
Predator interactions, mesopredator release and biodiversity conservation.
2009,
Pubmed
Robinson,
In vitro antibacterial properties of magnesium metal against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus.
2010,
Pubmed
Santos,
The tube feet of sea urchins and sea stars contain functionally different mutable collagenous tissues.
2005,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Schiebelhut,
Decimation by sea star wasting disease and rapid genetic change in a keystone species, Pisaster ochraceus.
2018,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Söderhäll,
Invertebrate immunity.
1999,
Pubmed
Söderhäll,
Role of the prophenoloxidase-activating system in invertebrate immunity.
1998,
Pubmed
Sorrentino,
Cellular immune response to parasite infection in the Drosophila lymph gland is developmentally regulated.
2002,
Pubmed
Vollmer,
Restricted gene flow in the Caribbean staghorn coral Acropora cervicornis: implications for the recovery of endangered reefs.
2007,
Pubmed
Wares,
What doesn't kill them makes them stronger: an association between elongation factor 1-α overdominance in the sea star Pisaster ochraceus and "sea star wasting disease".
2016,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
