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PLoS One
2016 Oct 03;1110:e0163190. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163190.
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Devastating Transboundary Impacts of Sea Star Wasting Disease on Subtidal Asteroids.
Montecino-Latorre D
,
Eisenlord ME
,
Turner M
,
Yoshioka R
,
Harvell CD
,
Pattengill-Semmens CV
,
Nichols JD
,
Gaydos JK
.
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Sea star wasting disease devastated intertidal sea star populations from Mexico to Alaska between 2013-15, but little detail is known about its impacts to subtidal species. We assessed the impacts of sea star wasting disease in the Salish Sea, a Canadian / United States transboundary marine ecosystem, and world-wide hotspot for temperate asteroid species diversity with a high degree of endemism. We analyzed roving diver survey data for the three most common subtidal sea star species collected by trained volunteer scuba divers between 2006-15 in 5 basins and on the outer coast of Washington, as well as scientific strip transect data for 11 common subtidal asteroid taxa collected by scientific divers in the San Juan Islands during the spring/summer of 2014 and 2015. Our findings highlight differential susceptibility and impact of sea star wasting disease among asteroid species populations and lack of differences between basins or on Washington''s outer coast. Specifically, severe depletion of sunflower sea stars (Pycnopodia helianthoides) in the Salish Sea support reports of major declines in this species from California to Alaska, raising concern for the conservation of this ecologically important subtidal predator.
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27783620
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Fig 1. The 5 basins of the Salish Sea and the Outer Coast included in the study, and the sites in the San Juan Islands where the strip transects were completed.
Fig 2. Sighting Frequency of D. imbricata, P. brevispinus, P. helianthoides, S. droebachiensis and M. franciscanus in 5 basins of the Salish Sea and the Outer Coast 2006–15.Grey line marks the epidemic onset.
Fig 3. The actual 2006–15 and projected 2014–15 abundance for D. imbricata in 5 basins of the Salish Sea and the Outer Coast.Grey line marks the epidemic onset. Note: Abundance = Density Score x SF, where Density Score = [(nSx1)+(nFx2)+(nMx3)+(nAx4)] / (nS + nF + nM + nA). Here nS, nF, nM, and nA represent the number of times each abundance category was assigned for a given species.
Fig 4. The actual 2006–15 and projected 2014–15 abundance for P. brevispinus in 5 basins of the Salish Sea and the Outer Coast.Grey line marks the epidemic onset. Note: Abundance = Density Score x SF, where Density Score = [(nSx1)+(nFx2)+(nMx3)+(nAx4)] / (nS + nF + nM + nA). Here nS, nF, nM, and nA represent the number of times each abundance category was assigned for a given species.
Fig 5. The actual 2006–15 and projected 2014–15 abundance for P. helianthoides in 5 basins of the Salish Sea and the Outer Coast.Grey line marks the epidemic onset. Note: Abundance = Density Score x SF where Density Score = [(nSx1)+(nFx2)+(nMx3)+(nAx4)] / (nS + nF + nM + nA). Here nS, nF, nM, and nA represent the number of times each abundance category was assigned for a given species.
Fig 6. The 2006–15 estimated count of P. helianthoides in 5 basins of the Salish Sea and the Outer Coast.Grey line marks the epidemic onset.
Fig 7. The actual 2006–15 and projected 2014–15 abundance for M. franciscanus in 5 basins of the Salish Sea and the Outer Coast.Grey line marks the epidemic onset. Note: Abundance = Density Score x SF, where Density Score = [(nSx1)+(nFx2)+(nMx3)+(nAx4)] / (nS + nF + nM + nA). Here nS, nF, nM, and nA represent the number of times each abundance category was assigned for a given species.
Fig 8. The actual 2006–15 and projected 2014–15 abundance for S. droebachiensis in 5 basins of the Salish Sea and the Outer Coast.Grey line marks the epidemic onset. Note: Abundance = Density Score x SF, where Density Score = [(nSx1)+(nFx2)+(nMx3)+(nAx4)] / (nS + nF + nM + nA). Here nS, nF, nM, and nA represent the number of times each abundance category was assigned for a given species.
Fig 9. Estimated mean log density change in 2015 (the red point) for 10 asteroids and their corresponding 95% credible intervals (blue lines).
Fig 10. Comparative presence of P. helianthoides—October 2013—at a prominent rock near Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (Strait of Georgia Basin).The pictures were taken within 3 weeks, prior to and after SSWD onset. Photo credit: Neil McDaniel, www.neilmcdaniel.com.
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