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	Figure 1. Experimental design of sea cucumber following exposure to elevated temperature (26 °C, Group 2), water-accommodated fractions (WAF) of Oman crude oil at an optimal temperature of 16 °C (WAF + 16 °C, Group 3), and Oman crude oil WAF at an elevated temperature of 26 °C (WAF + 26 °C, Group 4) for 24 h. The Control (Group 1) was the sea cucumber exposed to pre-filtered natural seawater only at an optimal temperature of 16 °C (n = 15).
	Figure 2. The concentrations of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH, (A)), the levels of US EPA’s 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (ΣPAHs, (B)), and the proportion (%) of each PAH (C) in the water-accommodated fractions (WAF) of Oman crude oil at an optimal temperature of 16 °C (WAF + 16 °C, light-red filled) and Oman crude oil WAF at an elevated temperature of 26 °C (WAF + 26 °C, light-yellow filled) solutions. Nap: Naphthalene, Acy: Acenaphthylene, Ace: Acenaphthene, Fle: Fluorene, Phe: Phenanthrene, Ant: Anthracene, Fla: Fluoranthene, Pyr: Pyrene, B[a]A: Benzo[a]anthracene, Chr: Chrysene, B[b]F: Benzo[b]fuoranthene, B[k]F: Benzo[k]fuoranthene, B[a]P: Benzo[a]pyrene, I[123-cd]P: Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene, D[ah]A: Dibenzo[a,h]anthracene, and B[ghi]P: Benzo[g,h,i]perylene.
	Figure 3. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in the body wall of sea cucumber following exposure to elevated temperature (26 °C, light-blue filled square), water-accommodated fractions (WAF) of Oman crude oil at an optimal temperature of 16 °C (WAF + 16 °C, light-red filled up-triangle), and Oman crude oil WAF at an elevated temperature of 26 °C (WAF + 26 °C, light-yellow filled down-triangle). The Control was the sea cucumber exposed to pre-filtered natural seawater only at an optimal temperature of 16 °C (light-green filled circle). Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals. Asterisks (**, or ***) denote the significant differences between the treatments and the Control (p < 0.01, or 0.001, respectively). Dark traits denote the significant differences among the treatments (two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA)).
	Figure 4. Total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) in the body wall of sea cucumber following exposure to elevated temperature (26 °C, light-blue filled), water-accommodated fractions (WAF) of Oman crude oil at an optimal temperature of 16 °C (WAF + 16 °C, light-red filled), and Oman crude oil WAF at an elevated temperature of 26 °C (WAF + 26 °C, light-yellow filled). The Control was the sea cucumber exposed to pre-filtered natural seawater only at an optimal temperature of 16 °C (light-green filled). Asterisks (* or **) denote the significant differences between the treatments and the Control (p < 0.05 or 0.01, respectively). Dark traits denote the significant differences among the treatments (two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA)).
	Figure 5. The levels of 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) (A), protein carbonyls (PCO) (B), and malondialdehyde (MDA) (C) in the body wall of sea cucumber following exposure to elevated temperature (26 °C, light-blue filled), water-accommodated fractions (WAF) of Oman crude oil at an optimal temperature of 16 °C (WAF + 16 °C, light-red filled), and Oman crude oil WAF at an elevated temperature of 26 °C (WAF + 26 °C, light-yellow filled). The Control was the sea cucumber exposed to pre-filtered natural seawater only at an optimal temperature of 16 °C (light-green filled). Asterisks (*, **, or ***) denote the significant differences between the treatments and the Control (p < 0.05, 0.01, or 0.001, respectively). Dark traits denote the significant differences among the treatments (two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA)).
	Figure 6. Relative caspase-3 activity (fold) in the body wall of sea cucumber following exposure to elevated temperature (26 °C, light-blue filled square), water-accommodated fractions (WAF) of Oman crude oil at an optimal temperature of 16 °C (WAF + 16 °C, light-red filled up-triangle), and Oman crude oil WAF at an elevated temperature of 26 °C (WAF + 26 °C, light-yellow filled down-triangle). The Control was the sea cucumber exposed to pre-filtered natural seawater only at an optimal temperature of 16 °C (light-green filled circle). Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals. Asterisks ***) denote the significant differences between the treatments and the Control (p < 0.001, respectively). Dark traits denote the significant differences among the treatments (two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA)).
	Figure 7. Integrated biomarker response (IBR) indexes for sea cucumber following exposure to elevated temperature (26 °C, light-blue filled, (A), water-accommodated fractions (WAF) of Oman crude oil at an optimal temperature of 16 °C (WAF + 16 °C, light-red filled, (B), and Oman crude oil WAF at an elevated temperature of 26 °C (WAF + 26 °C, light-yellow filled, (C). Biomarker results are denoted relative to the Control (sea cucumber exposed to pre-filtered natural seawater only at an optimal temperature of 16 °C) (black dash lines). The area above 0 denotes the induction of the biomarker, and the area below 0 denotes the reduction of the biomarkers. ROS: Reactive oxygen species; T-AOC: Total antioxidant capacity; 8-OHdG: 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine; PCO: Protein carbonyls; MDA: Malondialdehyde.

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