Click here to close
Hello! We notice that you are using Internet Explorer, which is not supported by Xenbase and may cause the site to display incorrectly.
We suggest using a current version of Chrome,
FireFox, or Safari.
???displayArticle.abstract???
We examined the effects of X-ray irradiation on Xenopus laevis , focusing on pre- and post-fertilization exposure. We applied X-ray doses of 10, 50, 100, 250, and 500 Gy. Fifty percent of the 360 eggs irradiated at 250 Gy failed to fertilize, while fertilized eggs developed normally until the gastrula stage. Doses ranging from 10 to 250 Gy caused developmental anomalies. High mortality rates were observed at doses of 100 to 500 Gy. Post-fertilization irradiation at 50 to 100 Gy resulted in 100% lethality, while exposure to 10 Gy led to only 13% lethality, although both exposure levels produced similar types of developmental anomalies compared to pre-fertilization irradiation. This study highlights how the timing and intensity of exposure critically affect embryo viability, especially during the sensitive stages of fertilization and gastrulation. We establish the necessary and sufficient dosage to further investigate the molecular mechanisms of X-ray damage to DNA and protein.
Figure 1. Characterization of X-ray induced phenotypes in Xenopus Embryogenesis:
X-Ray Impact on Xenopus laevis development pre- and post- fertilization. (A) Two alternative experimental designs: irradiation pre- and post-fertilization. (B) Bar plot of the average normal development of eggs irradiated with 10, 100, 250, and 500 Gy pre-fertilization. P values: t-test, n=3, with 120 eggs per condition in triplicates from 3 different females (total 360 per condition). Conditions significantly decreased compared to control (*: two-tailed paired t-test P < 0.05). (C) Sample embryos illustrate the phenotype classes observed during X-ray exposure: normal, exogastrulation, non-gastrulation, and death. (D) Distribution of phenotypes observed in C for different pre-fertilization X-ray exposures. P values: t-test, n=3, with 120 eggs per condition in triplicates from 3 different females (total 360 per condition). Conditions significantly decreased compared to control (*: two-tailed paired t-test P < 0.05; **: t-test P < 0.001). Subfigures B and D show quantification from two independent experiments. (E) Average survival of late neurula embryos from pre- and post-fertilized irradiated groups at 10, 50, and 100 Gy. Each group started with 50 initial eggs or zygotes in triplicates per condition of two independent females (300 embryos per condition tested). P values: t-test, n=2 of 150 embryos per condition. Conditions significantly decreased compared to control (*: two-tailed paired t-test P < 0.05; **: t-test P < 0.001).
Figure 1.
Characterization of X-ray induced phenotypes in
Xenopus
Embryogenesis
.
X-Ray Impact on
Xenopus laevis
development pre- and post- fertilization.
(
A
) Two alternative experimental designs: irradiation pre- and post-fertilization. (
B
) Bar plot of the average normal development of eggs irradiated with 10, 100, 250, and 500 Gy pre-fertilization. P values: t-test, n=3, with 120 eggs per condition in triplicates from 3 different females (total 360 per condition). Conditions significantly decreased compared to control (*: two-tailed paired t-test P < 0.05). (
C
) Sample embryos illustrate the phenotype classes observed during X-ray exposure: normal, exogastrulation, non-gastrulation, and death. (
D
) Distribution of phenotypes observed in C for different pre-fertilization X-ray exposures. P values: t-test, n=3, with 120 eggs per condition in triplicates from 3 different females (total 360 per condition). Conditions significantly decreased compared to control (*: two-tailed paired t-test P < 0.05; **: t-test P < 0.001). Subfigures B and D show quantification from two independent experiments. (
E
) Average survival of late neurula embryos from pre- and post-fertilized irradiated groups at 10, 50, and 100 Gy. Each group started with 50 initial eggs or zygotes in triplicates per condition of two independent females (300 embryos per condition tested). P values: t-test, n=2 of 150 embryos per condition. Conditions significantly decreased compared to control (*: two-tailed paired t-test P < 0.05; **: t-test P < 0.001).
