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Environ Sci Pollut Res Int
2020 Nov 01;2731:39516-39530. doi: 10.1007/s11356-020-10040-7.
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Do males and females respond differently to ocean acidification? An experimental study with the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus.
Marčeta T
,
Matozzo V
,
Alban S
,
Badocco D
,
Pastore P
,
Marin MG
.
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Seawater pH lowering, known as ocean acidification, is considered among the major threats to marine environment. In this study, post-spawning adults of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus were maintained at three pH values (8.0, 7.7, 7.4) for 60 days. Physiological, biochemical, cellular, behavioural and reproductive responses were evaluated in males and females. Significant differences between sexes were observed, with higher ammonia excretion and lower catalase activity in males. Respiration rate (after 21 days), catalase activity in gonads and total coelomocyte count showed the same increasing trend in males and females under low pH. Ammonia excretion, gonadosomatic index and lysozyme activity exhibited opposite responses to low pH, with an increasing trend in males and decreasing in females. Results demonstrated that exposure to low pH could result in different response strategies of male and female sea urchins at a physiological, biochemical and immunological level. Reduced female gonadosomatic index under low pH suggested decreased energy investment in reproduction.
Fig. 1. Respiration rate (a), ammonia excretion (b) and assimilation efficiency (c) of P. lividus males (M) and females (F) after 7, 14, 21 and 40-day exposure to 8.0, 7.7 and 7.4 pH. Values are the means ± SD (n = 3). Significant differences among the various experimental conditions are presented with lower case letters (a, b). Due to some technical inconveniences, data are not available at day 40 for ammonia production and at days 21 and 40 for assimilation
Fig. 2. SOD and CAT activity in gonads (a, c) and digestive tract (b, d) of P. lividus males (M) and females (F) after 60-day exposure at 8.0, 7.7 and 7.4 pH. Values are the means ± SD (n = 3). Significant differences among the various experimental conditions are presented with lower case letters (a, b)
Fig. 3. Total coelomocyte count, TCC (a), coelomocyte volume, CV (b), lysozyme activity in CFC (c) and in CL (d) in P. lividus males (M) and females (F) after 60-day exposure to 8.0, 7.7 and 7.4 pH. Values are the means ± SD (n = 3). Significant differences among the various experimental conditions are presented with lower case letters (a, b)
Fig. 4. Righting time (a) and gonadosomatic index (b) of P. lividus males (M) and females (F) after 60-day exposure to 8.0, 7.7 and 7.4 pH. Values are the means ± SD (n = 3). Significant differences among the various experimental conditions are presented with lower case letters (a, b)
Fig. 5. Canonical correlation analysis of the biomarker dataset. M:8.0, M:7.7, M:7.4: males at pH 8.0, 7.7 and 7.4, respectively; F:8.0, F:7.7, F:7.4: females at pH 8.0, 7.7 and 7.4, respectively. Abbreviations: respiration rate (rr), superoxide dismutase (sod), catalase (cat), gonads (g), digestive tract (d), total coelomocyte count (tcc), coelomocyte volume (vol), lysozyme (lys), cell-free coelomic fluid (em), coelomocytes (cell), righting time (rt) and gonadosomatic index (gsi)
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