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Sci Adv
2021 May 01;719:. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.abf4072.
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Selectivity and the effect of mass extinctions on disparity and functional ecology.
Cole SR
,
Hopkins MJ
.
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Selectivity of mass extinctions is thought to play a major role in coupling or decoupling of taxonomic, morphological, and ecological diversity, yet these measures have never been jointly evaluated within a single clade over multiple mass extinctions. We investigate extinction selectivity and changes in taxonomic diversity, morphological disparity, and functional ecology over the ~160-million-year evolutionary history of diplobathrid crinoids (Echinodermata), which spans two mass extinctions. Whereas previous studies documented extinction selectivity for crinoids during background extinction, we find no evidence for selectivity during mass extinctions. Despite no evidence for extinction selectivity, disparity remains strongly correlated with richness over extinction events, contradicting expected patterns of disparity given nonselective extinction. Results indicate that (i) disparity and richness can remain coupled across extinctions even when selective extinction does not occur, (ii) simultaneous decreases in taxonomic diversity and disparity are insufficient evidence for extinction selectivity, and (iii) selectivity differs between background and mass extinction regimes.
Fig. 1. Diplobathrid diversity.Diplobathrid genus diversity through time calculated using the range-through method.
Fig. 2. Morphological and ecological disparity through time.(A and B) Morphological disparity. (C and D) Ecological disparity. Disparity is summarized using both sum of ranges (A and C) and sum of variances (B and D). Solid lines are mean values from 1000 bootstrap replicates, and shaded areas represent 95% confidence intervals.
Fig. 3. Morphospace and ecospace occupation through time.(A) Morphospace occupation. (B) Ecospace occupation. Occupation of morphospace and ecospace is summarized from results of principal components analyses. Each plot represents all taxa present within a time bin; spacing of time bins is not scaled to time. Mass extinction boundaries are marked by red arrows. The first two axes (shown) for morphological and ecological datasets represent 14.4% and 10.62% of the variation, respectively. See the Supplementary Materials for plots with centroid and taxon labels (figs. S5 and S6).
Fig. 4. Locations of diplobathrid extinction events in extinction space.Empirical data from diplobathrid extinctions are compared to those of lateral, random, and marginal extinctions simulated under 75% extinction intensity (23). Diplobathrid extinction events are divided into morphological and ecological datasets for both the Late Ordovician mass extinction and the Late Devonian mass extinction.
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