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Int J Mol Sci
2021 Jul 23;2215:. doi: 10.3390/ijms22157865.
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Macroalgal Defense against Competitors and Herbivores.
Budzałek G
,
Śliwińska-Wilczewska S
,
Wiśniewska K
,
Wochna A
,
Bubak I
,
Latała A
,
Wiktor JM
.
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Macroalgae are the source of many harmful allelopathic compounds, which are synthesized as a defense strategy against competitors and herbivores. Therefore, it can be predicted that certain species reduce aquaculture performance. Herein, the allelopathic ability of 123 different taxa of green, red, and brown algae have been summarized based on literature reports. Research on macroalgae and their allelopathic effects on other animal organisms was conducted primarily in Australia, Mexico, and the United States. Nevertheless, there are also several scientific reports in this field from South America and Asia; the study areas in the latter continents coincide with areas where aquaculture is highly developed and widely practiced. Therefore, the allelopathic activity of macroalgae on coexisting animals is an issue that is worth careful investigation. In this work, we characterize the distribution of allelopathic macroalgae and compare them with aquaculture locations, describe the methods for the study of macroalgal allelopathy, present the taxonomic position of allelopathic macroalgae and their impact on coexisting aquatic competitors (Cnidaria) and herbivores (Annelida, Echinodermata, Arthropoda, Mollusca, and Chordata), and compile information on allelopathic compounds produced by different macroalgae species. This work gathers the current knowledge on the phenomenon of macroalgal allelopathy and their allelochemicals affecting aquatic animal (competitors and predators) worldwide and it provides future research directions for this topic.
Figure 2. Allelopathic macroalgae (AM) in the studied areas based on the donor species found in the literature compared to the places where world aquaculture production occurs (based on the World Bank data; https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/ER.FSH.AQUA.MT, accessed on 17 June 2021).
Figure 3. Most used methods to investigate the allelopathy phenomenon.
Figure 4. Number of target competitors and herbivores affected by green algae (A), red algae (B), and brown algae (C), based on taxa found in the literature.
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