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Differential Responses of Antioxidative System during the Interaction of Soursop Fruits (Annona muricata L.) and Nectria haematococca at Postharvest Storage.
Rubio-Melgarejo A
,
Balois-Morales R
,
Ochoa-Jiménez VA
,
Casas-Junco PP
,
Jiménez-Zurita JO
,
Bautista-Rosales PU
,
Berumen-Varela G
.
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Soursop fruit (Annona muricata L.) production is diminished by the attack of pathogens such as Nectria haematococca. However, the fruit-pathogen interaction at the biochemical and molecular levels is still unknown. The objective of this study was to analyze the response of the soursop fruit to the presence of N. haematococca during postharvest storage. Soursop fruits were inoculated with the pathogen and total phenolic compounds, antioxidant capacity by Ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP), 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS•+), and 2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH•), as well as enzymatic activity and transcript levels of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), were evaluated at 1, 3, and 5 days of storage. The noninoculated fruits were the controls of the experiment. The highest total phenol content was recorded on day one in the inoculated fruits. FRAP, ABTS, and DPPH activity presented the highest values on day three in the control fruits. Inoculated fruits recorded the highest PPO activity on day five and a five-fold induction in the PPO transcript on day three. SOD activity showed a decrease during the days of storage and 10-fold induction of SOD transcript on day three in the inoculated fruits. Principal component analysis showed that total phenols were the variable that contributed the most to the observed variations. Furthermore, a positive correlation between total phenols and SOD activity, PPO expression, and SOD expression, as well as between DPPH and FRAP, was recorded. The results showed a differential response in antioxidant capacity, enzymatic activity, and gene expression during the interaction of soursop fruits-N. haematococca at postharvest storage.
Figure 1. Content of total phenols (A), antioxidant capacity by the ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) (B), 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS•+) (C), and 2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH•) (D). Different letters indicate significant differences according to Tukey’s multiple comparison test (p < 0.05). Highest mean values are described with the letter a. Vertical lines represent the standard deviation of the means.
Figure 2. Enzymatic activity of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) (A) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) (B), as well as relative gene expression of PPO (C) and SOD (D) by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) in soursop fruits at postharvest storage. Different letters indicate significant differences according to Tukey’s multiple comparison test (p < 0.05). Highest mean values are described with the letter a. Vertical lines represent the standard deviation of the means.
Figure 3. Principal component analysis (PCA) biplot (A) and correlation plot of the variables (B). The color indicates the contribution or the correlation of the variables.
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