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Mar Drugs
2021 Aug 16;198:. doi: 10.3390/md19080461.
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Culturable Microorganisms Associated with Sea Cucumbers and Microbial Natural Products.
Chen L
,
Wang XY
,
Liu RZ
,
Wang GY
.
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Sea cucumbers are a class of marine invertebrates and a source of food and drug. Numerous microorganisms are associated with sea cucumbers. Seventy-eight genera of bacteria belonging to 47 families in four phyla, and 29 genera of fungi belonging to 24 families in the phylum Ascomycota have been cultured from sea cucumbers. Sea-cucumber-associated microorganisms produce diverse secondary metabolites with various biological activities, including cytotoxic, antimicrobial, enzyme-inhibiting, and antiangiogenic activities. In this review, we present the current list of the 145 natural products from microorganisms associated with sea cucumbers, which include primarily polyketides, as well as alkaloids and terpenoids. These results indicate the potential of the microorganisms associated with sea cucumbers as sources of bioactive natural products.
WH20150204 and WH20160205 Discipline Construction Guide Foundation in Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, 2019KYCXJJYB15 Research Innovation Foundation in Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai
Figure 1. Geographical distribution of sea cucumber samples used for studies of culturable microorganisms. The red circles represent sampling sites: (A) Funka Bay and Ainuma fishing port, Hokkaido, Japan; (B) Sea of Japan, Russia; (C) Yellow Sea, China; (D) Geomun-do, Yeosu, Korea; (E) Kushima, Omura; Koecho; Nagasaki; Japan; (F) Coast of Aka Island, Okinawa prefecture, Japan; (G) Ningde, Fujian, China; (H) South China Sea, China; (I) Dayang Bunting Island, Yan, Kedah Darul Aman, Malaysia; (J) Tioman Island, Pahang Darul Makmur; Peninsular Malaysia; Pangkor Island, Perak; Malaysia; (K) Sari Ringgung, Lampung, Indonesia; (L) Larak Island, Persian Gulf, Iran; (M) Tabarka, Tunisia; and (N) the Antarctic.
Figure 2. Chemical structures of the 145 compounds isolated from sea-cucumber-associated microorganisms.
Figure 3. Natural products isolated from sea-cucumber-associated microorganisms from 2000 to 2021.
Figure 4. Percentage distribution of the natural products isolated from sea-cucumber-associated microorganisms.
Figure 5. Natural products isolated from sea-cucumber-associated microorganisms.
Figure 6. Percentage distribution of the bioactivities of the natural products isolated from sea-cucumber-associated microorganisms.
