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Toxics
2021 Oct 13;910:. doi: 10.3390/toxics9100261.
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Environmental Risk Assessment of Vehicle Exhaust Particles on Aquatic Organisms of Different Trophic Levels.
Pikula K
,
Tretyakova M
,
Zakharenko A
,
Johari SA
,
Ugay S
,
Chernyshev V
,
Chaika V
,
Kalenik T
,
Golokhvast K
.
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Vehicle emission particles (VEPs) represent a significant part of air pollution in urban areas. However, the toxicity of this category of particles in different aquatic organisms is still unexplored. This work aimed to extend the understanding of the toxicity of the vehicle exhaust particles in two species of marine diatomic microalgae, the planktonic crustacean Artemia salina, and the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius. These aquatic species were applied for the first time in the risk assessment of VEPs. Our results demonstrated that the samples obtained from diesel-powered vehicles completely prevented egg fertilization of the sea urchin S. intermedius and caused pronounced membrane depolarization in the cells of both tested microalgae species at concentrations between 10 and 100 mg/L. The sample with the highest proportion of submicron particles and the highest content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) had the highest growth rate inhibition in both microalgae species and caused high toxicity to the crustacean. The toxicity level of the other samples varied among the species. We can conclude that metal content and the difference in the concentrations of PAHs by itself did not directly reflect the toxic level of VEPs, but the combination of both a high number of submicron particles and high PAH concentrations had the highest toxic effect on all the tested species.
Figure 1. Characteristics of the VEP samples: (a) particle size distribution; (b) optical density.
Figure 2. The influence of VEP samples on the microalgae growth rate: (a) A. ussuriensis after 96 h of exposure; (b) C. muelleri after 96 h of exposure; (c) A. ussuriensis after 7 days of exposure; (d) C. muelleri after 7 days of exposure; ns, the tested sample had no significant effect on the growth rate of microalgae (p > 0.05). The series without the mark “ns” significantly influenced the growth rate of the microalgae (p < 0.05).
Figure 3. The changes in esterase activity and membrane polarization of the diatomic microalgae A. ussuriensis and C. muelleri after 24 h of exposure to the VEPs, (a) Esterase activity changes; (b) membrane polarization changes. ns, the tested sample had no significant effect on the esterase activity or membrane potential of microalgae cells (p < 0.05). The concentration of 1 mg/L of all the tested samples had no significant effect on the esterase activity and membrane potential of microalgae (not represented on the graph).
Figure 4. The size distribution of microalgae cells exposed to the VEPs: (a) A. ussuriensis after 96 h of exposure; (b) A. ussuriensis after 7 days of exposure; (c) C. muelleri after 96 h of exposure; (d) C. muelleri after 7 days of the exposure. The results for the measurement with C. muelleri exposed to 100 mg/L of the KomPC sample are not represented in the graph because most C. muelleri cells were dead during the measurement because of the high toxicity of this sample. The concentration of 1 mg/L of all the tested samples had no significant effect on the size of microalgae cells (not represented on the graph).
Figure 5. The influence of the VEPs on the viability of A. silina nauplii after 96 h of exposure compared with the control (100%). * p < 0.05.
Figure 6. The state of S. intermedius embryo development after 24 h of the exposure to the tested VEP samples: (a) HusTE; (b) HonVT; (c) TMar2; (d) MiPaj; (e) THi; (f) TLC80; (g) KomPC.
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