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???displayArticle.abstract??? Oocyte maturation is a process that occurs in the ovaries, where an immature oocyte resumes meiosis to attain competence for normal fertilization after ovulation/spawning. In starfish, the hormone 1-methyladenine binds to an unidentified receptor on the plasma membrane of oocytes, inducing a conformational change in the heterotrimeric GTP-binding protein α-subunit (Gα), so that the α-subunit binds GTP in exchange of GDP on the plasma membrane. The GTP-binding protein βγ-subunit (Gβγ) is released from Gα, and the released Gβγ activates phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K), followed by the target of rapamycin kinase complex2 (TORC2) and 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 (PDK1)-dependent phosphorylation of serum- and glucocorticoid-regulated kinase (SGK) of ovarian oocytes. Thereafter, SGK activates Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE) to increase the intracellular pH (pHi) from ~6.7 to ~6.9. Moreover, SGK phosphorylates Cdc25 and Myt1, thereby inducing the de-phosphorylation and activation of cyclin B-Cdk1, causing germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD). Both pHi increase and GVBD are required for spindle assembly at metaphase I, followed by MI arrest at pHi 6.9 until spawning. Due to MI arrest or SGK-dependent pHi control, spawned oocytes can be fertilized normally.
Figure 1. Meiosis resumption of starfish oocytes in the ovaries. The hormone 1-MA binds to an unidentified receptor, to release Gβγ from Gα. The Gβγ activates PI3K, followed by TORC2 and PDK1-dependent phosphorylation of SGK. Then, SGK activates NHE to increase the intracellular pH from ~6.7 to ~6.9. In addition, SGK phosphorylates Cdc25 and Myt1, thereby inducing the activation of cyclin B–Cdk1 and GVBD. Both pHi increase and GVBD are required for the spindle assembly at metaphase I.
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