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Biomimetics (Basel)
2019 Oct 09;44:. doi: 10.3390/biomimetics4040068.
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Magnetic Elastomers with Smart Variable Elasticity Mimetic to Sea Cucumber.
Kobayashi Y
,
Akama S
,
Ohori S
,
Kawai M
,
Mitsumata T
.
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A magnetic-responsive elastomer consisting of magnetic elastomer and zinc oxide with a tetrapod shape and long arms was fabricated mimetic to the tissue of sea cucumber in which collagen fibrils are dispersed. Only the part of magnetic elastomer is active to magnetic fields, zinc oxide plays a role of reinforcement for the chain structure of magnetic particles formed under magnetic fields. The magnetic response of storage modulus for bimodal magnetic elastomers was measured when the magnetic particle was substituted to a nonmagnetic one, while keeping the total volume fraction of both particles. The change in storage modulus obeyed basically a mixing rule. However, a remarkable enhancement was observed at around the substitution ratio of 0.20. In addition, the bimodal magnetic elastomers with tetrapods exhibited apparent change in storage modulus even at regions with a high substitution ratio where monomodal magnetic elastomers consist of only magnetic particles with less response to the magnetic field. This strongly indicates that discontinuous chains of small amounts of magnetic particles were bridged by the nonmagnetic tetrapods. On the contrary, the change in storage modulus for bimodal magnetic elastomers with zinc oxide with irregular shape showed a mixing rule with a substitution ratio below 0.30. However, it decreased significantly at the substitution ratio above it. The structures of bimodal magnetic elastomers with tetrapods and the tissue of sea cucumber with collagen fibrils are discussed.
Figure 1. Photograph of a sea cucumber and schematic illustration representing the tissue of sea cucumbers, consisting of catch connective tissue and collagen.
Figure 2. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) photographs for (a) magnetic particles, (b) nonmagnetic particles (irregular shape), and (c) nonmagnetic tetrapods.
Figure 3. Magnetic-field response of storage modulus in the linear viscoelastic regime for (a) monomodal magnetic elastomer and bimodal magnetic elastomers containing (b) nonmagnetic particles or (c) nonmagnetic tetrapods (Frequency 1 Hz, Strain 10−4).
Figure 4. Storage modulus at 0 and 500 mT for bimodal magnetic elastomers containing nonmagnetic (a) particles or (b) tetrapods as a function of the substitution ratio (Frequency 1 Hz, Strain 10−4).
Figure 5. Change in storage modulus for bimodal magnetic elastomers containing nonmagnetic particles or tetrapods as a function of the substitution ratio. The change in storage modulus for monomodal magnetic elastomers with the same volume fraction of magnetic particles as bimodal magnetic elastomers, is also shown (Frequency 1 Hz, Strain 10−4).
Figure 6. SEM photographs for (a,d,g,j) monomodal magnetic elastomers, (b,e,h,k) bimodal magnetic elastomers with nonmagnetic particles and (c,f,i,l) bimodal magnetic elastomers with nonmagnetic tetrapods at substitution ratios of φZnO/φtotal = 0.1 and 0.2. Magnification (a–f) × 1500 and (g–l) × 3000.
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