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Genome Biol Evol
2019 Feb 01;112:586-596. doi: 10.1093/gbe/evz020.
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Identification of Cell Death Genes in Sea Urchin Paracentrotus lividus and Their Expression Patterns during Embryonic Development.
Galasso C
,
D'Aniello S
,
Sansone C
,
Ianora A
,
Romano G
.
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Apoptosis and autophagy are fundamental mechanisms of programed cell death activated during protostome and deuterostome embryonic development, contributing to the creation and remodeling of different anatomical structures. Programed cell death has been investigated at morphological and biochemical levels, but there is a lack of information concerning gene expression of death factors during deuterostome embryonic development. In this study, we analyze the expression patterns of 13 genes involved in autophagy, extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis during blastula, gastrula, and pluteus stages of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus embryonic development. Results suggested the occurrence of all death mechanisms investigated, highlighting the simultaneous involvement of apoptosis and autophagy during embryonic development. In particular, gastrula was the developmental stage where the majority of death genes were highly expressed. During gastrulation apoptotic processes are fundamental for tissue remodeling, such as cavity formation and removal of inner ectodermal cells. This is the first report that identifies a panel of cell death genes in the P. lividus genome and analyzes their expression variations during ontogenesis.
Fig. 1. —Phylogenetic analysis of (A) the Receptor-Interacting Serine/Threonine Kinases (RIPKs) in Paracentrotus lividus, Homo sapiens, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, Danio rerio, Branchiostoma belcheri, Saccoglossus kowalevskii, and Ciona robusta. The human protein MLKL was used as outgroup. The orange square highlights echinoderms genes. Phylogenetic analysis of (B) the Unc-51 Like Autophagy Activating Kinases (ULKs) in Paracentrotus lividus, Homo sapiens, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, Danio rerio, Branchiostoma belcheri, and Ciona robusta. The human protein AFK was used as outgroup. The violet square highlights echinoderms genes. The numbers at the nodes indicate replicates and values for unsupported branches (<60) were removed.
Fig. 2. —Phylogenetic analysis of (A) the Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptors 16 (Tnfr16) in Paracentrotus lividus, Homo sapiens, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, Danio rerio, Acanthaster planci, and Apostichopus japonicas. The Platynereis dumerilii Tnfr16 protein was used as outgroup. Phylogenetic analysis of (B) the Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptors 19/27 (Tnfr19/27) in Paracentrotus lividus, Homo sapiens, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, Danio rerio, and Branchiostoma belcheri. The Mizuhopecten yessoensis Tnfr27 protein was used as outgroup. The violet squares highlight echinoderms genes. The numbers at the nodes indicate replicates and values for unsupported branches (<60) were removed.
Fig. 3. —Variation of gene expression levels of 13 genes during three stages of Paracentrotus lividus embryonic development (blastula = 5 hpf; gastrula = 21 hpf; pluteus = 48 hpf) by real-time qPCR. All graphs show the expression level (fold expression, in percentage) of each gene at specific developmental stages. 100% represents the lowest DeltaCt found for each gene, indicating the developmental stage with highest expression of the specific gene. Graphs with blue background (•) represent expression levels of genes involved in the extrinsic apoptotic pathway; with orange background (•) genes involved in the intrinsic apoptotic pathway, and with green background (•) genes involved in autophagy. Paracentrotus lividus Casp3 (blue and orange) is involved in both apoptotic mechanisms (extrinsic and intrinsic).
Fig. 4. —Schematic representation of autophagy, extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis in the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. All genes found are represented with a specific color, whereas those in white were not found using bioinformatic analysis.
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