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Molecules
2019 Jan 18;242:. doi: 10.3390/molecules24020341.
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UV Photoprotection, Cytotoxicity and Immunology Capacity of Red Algae Extracts.
Álvarez-Gómez F
,
Korbee N
,
Casas-Arrojo V
,
Abdala-Díaz RT
,
Figueroa FL
.
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This study was designed to evaluate the potential use of algal extracts in cosmeceuticals, including factors related to biosecurity. The aqueous crude extracts of Hydropuntia cornea and Gracilariopsis longissima showed a good photoprotective capacity (Sun Protection Factor, SPF) due to, among other reasons, the presence of five types of mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) detected by high pressure liquid chromatography-photodiode array detector (HPLC-PDA) and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) (Palythine, Asterina-330, Shinorine, Porphyra-334, and Palythinol). The toxicity of the extracts was evaluated by the MTT assay, which is based on the metabolic reduction of MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2yl)-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide] by the action of the mitochondrial enzyme succinate dehydrogenase. This assay was carried out in vitro in three cell lines: one related to the immune system (murine macrophages of the immune system: RAW264.7) and two human cell lines related to the skin (gingival fibroblasts: HGF, and immortalized human keratinocytes: HaCaT). Both extracts showed no cytotoxic activity in both types of human cells, whereas they showed cytotoxicity in murine tumor cells of the immune system (macrophages: RAW264.7). On the other hand, the immunological activity in the murine macrophage RAW264.7 was studied at a concentration lower than 100 μg mL-1 and lower than the EC50, and evaluated by the production of pro-inflammatory compounds through an immunosorbent assay linked to enzymes such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) or anti-inflammatory/proinflammatory enzymes such as interleukin-6 (IL-6). Both algae extracts induced the biosynthesis of TNF-α and IL-6. The production of TNF-α was much higher than that observed in the control (at a concentration of the aqueous extract higher than 5 μg mL-1). These results support the theory that the extracts of H. cornea and G. longissima actively induce the production of cytokines. In summary, the extracts of these species did not show cytotoxicity in human cells, and they present with immunomodulatory and photoprotection capacity.
8.06/5.44 4775 This research was funded by the cooperation with Algaetech Innovation SL and general support by Junta de Andalucía to the research group "Photobiology and Biotechnology of aquatic organisms" (RNM-295).
Figure 1. Photoprotection values (SPF, 290–400 nm) for the extracts of Hydropuntia cornea (Hc) and Gracilariopsis longissima (Gl) at different concentrations. The letters on the histogram bars (a–e) correspond to significant differences between the concentration for each species studied in a post-hoc analysis (SNK) for a one-way ANOVA. The three images in the middle correspond to the plate PMMA without extract (a), with Hydropuntia cornea (b), and with Gracilariopsis longissima (c) extracts at 8.6 mg DW cm−2.
Figure 2. Concentration of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) synthesized by RAW macrophages (pg mL−1) (a) and production of interleukin-6 (IL-6 pg mL−1) by RAW macrophages (b) exposed to different concentrations of extracts of H. cornea and G. longissima. Data are expressed as the mean of three samples ± SE.
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