Van Dyck S et al. (2010), Qualitative and quantitative saponin contents i...

ECB-ART-41484

Mar Drugs 2010 Jan 21;81:173-89. doi: 10.3390/md8010173.

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Qualitative and quantitative saponin contents in five sea cucumbers from the Indian ocean.

Van Dyck S , Gerbaux P , Flammang P .

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To avoid predation, holothuroids produce feeding-deterrent molecules in their body wall and viscera, the so-called saponins. Five tropical sea cucumber species of the family Holothuriidae were investigated in order to study their saponin content in two different organs, the body wall and the Cuvierian tubules. Mass spectrometry techniques (MALDI- and ESI-MS) were used to detect and analyze saponins. The smallest number of saponins was observed in Holothuria atra, which contained a total of four congeners, followed by Holothuria leucospilota, Pearsonothuria graeffei and Actinopyga echinites with six, eight and ten congeners, respectively. Bohadschia subrubra revealed the highest saponin diversity (19 congeners). Saponin mixtures also varied between the two body compartments within a given animal. A semi-quantitative approach completed these results and showed that a high diversity of saponins is not particularly correlated to a high saponin concentration. Although the complexity of the saponin mixtures described makes the elucidation of their respective biological roles difficult, the comparisons between species and between body compartments give some clues about how these molecules may act as predator repellents.

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Genes referenced: LOC100887844 LOC590297

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	Figure 1. Comparison between the collision-induced fragmentation patterns of holothurin A (A) and holothurinoside A (B). Full and dotted arrows are two possible fragmentation patterns (see Figure 2 for molecular structures of these saponins and their respective fragments).
	Figure 2. (A) Collision induced dissociation of m/z 1243.5 cations corresponding to holothurin A. (B) Collision induced dissociation of m/z 1303.3 cations corresponding to holothurinoside A. Glc: glucose, MeGlc, 3-O-methylglucose, Qui: quinovose, Xyl: xylose.
	Figure 3. Molecular structures of holothurins and fuscocinerosides.
	Figure 4. Molecular structures of holothurinosides, desholothuin A and proposition of structure for the saponins detected at m/z 1157 and 1495 (respectively named holothurin osides J1 and K1).
	Figure 5. Molecular structures of arguside C, bivittosides C and D and impatienside A (marmoratoside A).