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Eur J Dent
2023 May 01;172:330-336. doi: 10.1055/s-0042-1759884.
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Application of Stichopus hermanni Nanoparticle Gel in the Healing of Traumatic Ulcers.
Sari RP
,
Larashati DID
,
Aldiana C
,
Nafi'ah N
,
Damaiyanti DW
,
Kurniawati A
.
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OBJECTIVE: The aim of this research was to investigate the use of Stichopus herrmanni nanoparticle gel on the ulcer healing process by observing blood vessels, fibroblasts, and Collagen type-I (COL-1) expression on the 4 and 7th days after trauma.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Gold sea cucumber (Stichopus herrmanni) powder was processed by freeze-drying method, then by high-energy milling to form nanoparticle size, and then with CMC 2% to make hydrogel. Traumatic ulcers were formed by induction using a burner. Five groups of male Wistar rats, each consisting of six tails, were divided into a negative control group that was given a placebo, the positive control group was given 0.2% hyaluronic acid, and the treatment group was given gold sea cucumbers with concentrations of 0.135, 0.27, and 0.54% (SH1-SH2-SH3). Fibroblast and blood vessels were examined with hematoxylin-eosin on day 3 and 7, while COL-1 expression was examined with immunohistochemistry on day 7. The rats' mucosa was taken on the 3rd and 7th days after the traumatic ulcer was formed.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: The data were analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance followed by a post-hoc test with a p less than 0.05.
RESULTS: Nanoparticles gel freeze-drying of Stichopus herrmanni increased blood vessels on day 3. Angiogenesis continued to occur, which resulted in increased fibroblast and COL-1 expression on day 7.
CONCLUSIONS: The application of Stichopus herrmanni nanoparticle gel at 0.27% effectively increased the number of blood vessels, fibroblasts, and COL-1 expression in healing traumatic ulcers.
Fig. 1.
Particle size distribution and average prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test results of
Stichopus herrmanni
powder in several groups divided according to the length and diameter size of stainless ball milling. (
A
) These images show the particle distribution successfully measured by the PSA tool, where the use of ball milling with a small diameter (2 mm) produces the expected nanoparticle size. (
B
) The figure shows that the longer the time used for grinding, the smaller the golden sea cucumber powder particles will be. Ball milling size also affects the resulting particle size. The graph shows a significant difference (*) in milling using a stainless ball (5 mm) every 20 minutes, 30 minutes, and 40 minutes with two milling times. Likewise, the difference in the particles produced in the milling process is carried out with smaller ball size stainless which is more significant in producing smaller particles (2 mm) than the larger stainless ball sizes (5 mm).
Fig. 2.
Histological section of fibroblast with the application of Stichopus herrmanni nanoparticles gel. (
A
) Observation using a light microscope at 400x magnification. Pathological conditions are shown in the control group (K-), hyaluronic acid (HA) (K þ), and P1–3 (SH1–3) in 4 days. (
B
) This figure shows that the highest number of fibroblasts was in the SH2 group on day 4, but on day 7, the highest number of fibroblasts was in the control group.
Fig. 3.
Histological section of blood vessels with the application of
Stichopus herrmanni
nanoparticles gel
.
Observation using a light microscope at 100x magnification. Pathological conditions in the control groups (K-), hyaluronic acid (HA) (K + ), and P1–3 (SH1–3) in 4 days (
A
). This figure shows that the highest number of blood vessels on the 4th day was in the SH2–3 group on the 4th day, and the same was repeated on the 7th day (
B
)
.
Fig. 4.
Histological section of COL-1 expression with application of
Stichopus herrmanni
nanoparticles gel. (
A
) Pathological conditions in control group (K-), hyaluronic acid (HA) (K + ), and P1-3 (SH1-3) on day 4. Observation using a light microscope at 400x magnification. (
B
) The increase in COL-1 expression was seen most in the SH2 group, followed by the SH3 and HA groups.
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