von Reumont BM , Campbell LI , Jenner RA .

BB/K003488/1 Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council

	Figure 1. The first venomous crustacean, Xibalbanus tulumensis. (A) The cephalon and part of the trunk is shown from the ventral side. TrA = trunk appendages, Vg = venom gland, Mxp = maxilliped, Max 2 = maxilla 2, Max1 = maxilla 1 (= maxillule), Ant = antenna (antennula); (B) An individual (marked in red circle) is caught in the Mexican anchialine cave system “Cenote Crustacea” by BMvR; (C) Habitus of a specimen, showing its remarkably convergent bodyplan to centipedes with homonomously segmented trunk and similar trunk appendages (TrA).
	Figure 2. Synchrotron-based computer tomographic reconstruction of the cephalothorax and the venom delivery system of the remipede Xibalbanus tulumensis in lateral view (anterior to the left), (A), and in ventral view (B), and the muscle system that facilitates venom injection by the maxillule (C); (D) shows the composition of the cocktail of toxin gene transcripts expressed in the venom glands. Abbreviations: 4 seg = 4th segments of maxillule, ab = abductor muscles, ad = adductor muscles br = brain, cep = cephalothorax, phx = pharynx, mxu = maxillula, t = tegument, vnc = ventral nerv cord, gl = venom gland, dc = venom duct, rv = venom reservoir, vm = ventral apodemal muscle.
	Figure 3. Other putative venomous crustaceans. (A) Branchiuran carp louse Argulus foliacaetus from ventral side; (B) Argulus mouthparts from ventral side. Thp 1–4 = thoracopods 1–4, Max 1 = maxilla 1 (maxillule) (with last segment modified to sucker disc), Max 2 = maxilla 2, Mc = mouth cone, Ps = Preoral spine (slightly disarranged by ethanol preservation); (C) Male skeleton shrimp Caprella scaura with pleiopods removed. Inset shows gnathopod 2 appendages, which bear the poison tooth. Gnp = gnathopod, Pot = poison tooth (D) Female sea lice or siphonostomatoid copepods. Collection reference numbers for specimens of the Natural History Museum London: Caprella Scaura, 1902, male, Inland sea, Japan (Amphipods, Caprellidea: NHMUK 1902.12.12.6/7). Caligus rogercresseyi, 2000, female, Puerto Montt Chile, Host Eleginops maclovinus, J. Carvaja: (Copepods, Siphonostomatoidae: 2000.1258-126). Specimens were photographed with a Nikon D200, Sigma 150 mm EX-APO Macro-lens and ring-flashgun units.
	Figure 4. Examples of fly groups that have neglected, likely venomous species. (A) Robber flies (Asilidae): Promachus leoninus specimens and larva of a British robber fly; (B) Marsh flies (Sciomyzidae): Tetanocera elata; (C) Horse flies (Tabanidae): Tabanus trigonus, one of the species of which larvae pose a risk to rice workers in Japan. Collection reference numbers for specimens of the Natural History Museum London: Promachus leoninus, Turkey, Nurdagi Gecidi, 1960 (DIP3404, B35 193, Bactria, BMNH(E) 1237803). Tetanocera elata, United Kingdom, 1971, (DIP957, C57, 8, BMNH(E)1237801). Tabanus trigonus 1972, Japan, Kasumigaura Ibaraki (DIP3026B5, 189, Tabanidae, BMNH(E) 1237802).
	Figure 5. Representative species of neglected but common centipede groups. (A) Lithobius forficatus (Lithobiomorpha); (B) Cryptops sp. (Scolopendromorpha); (C) Alipes grandidieri (Scolopendromorpha) (D) Scutigera coleoptrata (Scutigeromorpha).
	Figure 6. Pseudoscorpions. (A) Unidentified pseudoscorpion from New Zealand guarding its eggs; (B) Unidentified pseudoscorpion from New Zealand. Copyright for both photos is with Gonzalo Giribet, and are reproduced with his permission.
	Figure 7. The venom glands in the palpal hand of: (A) Cordylochernes macrochelatus; (B) Shravana laminata; (C) Neobisium flexifemoratum. ff = fixed finger; mf = moveable finger; vg = venom gland; vt = venom tooth. Figure redrawn and modified from Weygoldt [130].
	Figure 8. (A) Anatomy and general morphology of a Glycera bloodworm; (B) Rendered micro-CT picture of longitudinal section through everted four jaws and proboscis (left), and outer view from above (right) of Glycera tesselata. glm = muscles associated with the venom glands; pap = parapodium; prb = proboscis; pst = prostomium; vdc = venom duct; vgl = venom gland.
	Figure 9. Transcriptome profile of toxin genes expressed in the venom glands of Glycera dibranchiata. Pie chart shows the contig diversity of the 20 different toxins expressed in the most deeply sequenced species Glycera dibranchiata. Relative contig diversity is expressed as percentages followed by total numbers of contigs in parentheses. See [155] for full details.
	Figure 10. General body morphology of scale-worm polychaetes. Individual shown is an unidentified polynoid species. Copyright for this picture resides with Helena Wiklund, and is reproduced with her permission.
	Figure 11. Predating nemerteans. (A) Heteronemertean species Ramphogordius sanguineus feeding on the polychaete Alitta succinea; (B) Hoplonemertean species Prosorhochmus nelsoni feeding on the isopod Ligia sp. Copyright of both photos is with Serena Caplins, and are reproduced with her permission.
	Figure 12. Venom appendages of sea urchins (Echinoidea). (A) A secondary aboral spine of Asthenosoma vaium, showing spine tip and associated venom gland (sac) and muscle tissue; (B) Typical venomous globiferous pedicellaria. Pedicellaria shown is fanged with external venom glands on the valves. Distinct from “Fistulate” globiferous pedicellaria (internally located venom glands) [284]. Figure redrawn and modified from Halstead [274].
	Figure 13. Flowchart of transcriptomic analyses using NGS data to identify putative toxin proteins. Software used to conduct analyses is indicated in square brackets; please keep in mind that these are examples and not an exhaustive presentation of possible software.

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