Ausich WI et al. (2022), Unraveling the hidden paleobiodiversity of the ...

ECB-ART-50477

PeerJ 2022 Oct 06;10:e12842. doi: 10.7717/peerj.12842.

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Unraveling the hidden paleobiodiversity of the Middle Devonian (Emsian) crinoids (Crinoidea, Echinodermata) from Poland.

Ausich WI , Salamon MA , Płachno BJ , Brachaniec T , Krawczyński W , Boczarowski A , Paszcza K , Łukowiak M , Gorzelak P .

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Most previous publications on Devonian crinoids from the Holy Cross Mountains in Poland have concentrated on crinoid columns, and until now, little has been published about crinoid cups and calyxes. Herein, five crinoid taxa are described from an abundant occurrence of aboral cups and partial crowns from the Bukowa Góra Member (Emsian) in the Holy Cross Mountains of southern Poland. The following taxa are described: Bactrocrinites sp., Codiacrinus sevastopuloi sp. nov., Halocrinites geminatus (Bohatý, 2005), Halocrinites schlotheimii Steininger, 1831, and a single brachial plate from a flexible crinoid placed in Flexibilia incertae sedis. Simple discoid holdfasts are also present encrusted to cylindrical stromatoporoids. These taxa are the first crinoids described from the remains of partial crowns from Emsian strata of Poland.

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	Figure 1. Stratigraphic ranges of crinoid taxa recorded in Devonian of Poland.Data compiled after: Dames (1868), Zeuschner (1867), Zeuschner (1869), Gürich (1896), Sobolev (1909), Kongiel (1958), Piotrowski (1977), Głuchowski (1980), Głuchowski (1981a)–Głuchowski (1981c), Głuchowski (1993a), Głuchowski (1993b), Głuchowski (2002), Głuchowski (2003) and Hauser (2002).
	Figure 2. (A) The map of Poland with the Holy Cross Mountains area marked as grey rectangle. (B) The lithostratigraphical scheme of Middle and Upper Devonian in the Bukowa Góra Quarry.Compiled after Marynowski, Salamon & Narkiewicz (2002), Malec (2005), Szulczewski & Porȩbski (2008), Wójcik (2015), and Salamon et al. (2018).
	Figure 3. (A1–A4) Codiacrinus sevastopuloi sp. nov. GIUS 4-3696/Codiacrinus1, holotype; (A1) lateral view of aboral cup; (A2) basal view of aboral cup, note basal concavity bordered by ridge; (A3), oral view of aboral cup; (A4), lateral lateral view of aboral cup. (B1–B3) Codiacrinus sevastopuloi sp. nov. GIUS 4-3696/Codiacrinus2. paratype; (B1) lateral view of aboral cup; (B2) basal view of aboral cup; (B3) oral view of aboral cup. (C) lateral view of an incomplete and compressed specimen of Codiacrinus sevastopuloi sp. nov. GIUS 4-3696/Codiacrinus3. (D1–D2) compressed specimen of Halocrinites sp. GIUS 4-3696/Hsp; (D1) lateral view of aboral cup with plate boundaries visible; (D2) basal view of cup. (E) Bactrocrinites sp. GIUS 4- 3696/Bactrocrinites1; lateral view of incomplete aboral cup, note small radial plates and large basal plates. (F1–F3) compressed aboral cup of Halocrinites schlotheimii. GIUS 4- 3696/Hschloth1 (F1) oblique basal view; (F2, F3) lateral views.All specimens are from Bukowa Góra Member (Emsian), Bukowa Góra quarry, Holy Cross Mountains, southern Poland. Scale bar equals 10 mm.
	Figure 4. Plate drawing of the posterior of Bactrocrinites sp.Black pattern, radial plates; cross-hatched pattern, radianal plate; dotted pattern and X, anal X plate; dotted line, outer margin of radial facets.
	Figure 5. (A1–A3, B1–B2, C1–C2) Halocrinites schlotheimii GIUS 4-3696/Hschloth2, 5 and 4 respectively; (A1, B1, C1) lateral views of aboral cup; (A2, B2, C2) basal views of aboral cup; (A3) oral view of aboral cup. (D, H) Halocrinites gem GIUS 4-3696/Hgem2 and 1 respectively; (D1) lateral view of aboral cup; (D2) basal view of aboral cup. (E) Halocrinites with good exoplacoid sculpturing preserved; GIUS 4-3696/Hschloth6. (F, G) Crinoidea indeterminate (presumably remains of a camerate crinoid.)GIUS 4-3696/indet1 and 2 respectively. All specimens are from Bukowa Góra Member (Emsian), Bukowa Góra quarry, Holy Cross Mountains, southern Poland. Scale bar equals 10 mm.
	Figure 6. (A1–A2) Halocrinites schlotheimii; (A1) lateral view of partial crown, aboral cup plate boundaries distinct; (A2) basal view of a moderately compressed aboral cup. GIUS 4-3696/Hschloth3. (B–D) Crinoidea indeterminate; GIUS 4-3696/Hschloth3. (B–D) Crinoidea indeterminate; GIUS 4-3696/indet3, 4 and 5 respectively; (B, C) partial arms of an unknown cladid crinoids; (D) in upper left of specimen a pentalobate column presumably infrabasal plates attached; probably an unknown cladid).All specimens are from Bukowa Góra Member (Emsian), Bukowa Góra quarry, Holy Cross Mountains, southern Poland. Scale bar equals 10 mm.
	Figure 7. (A–H) crinoid pluricolumnals. GIUS 4-3696/indet6-13.(A, B) pluricolumnal with numerous nodes around the periphery of each columnal; (C) set of pluricolumnals; (D) pluricolumnal with nodes and perhaps some spines around the periphery of each columnal; (E) numerous pluricolumnals of a column that lacks nodes; (F) lateral view of three-columnal pluricolumnal with a few nodes around the periphery of columnals that are offset in position from one columnal to the next;(G) columnal facet with a narrow peripheral lumen and a narrow, raised perilumen; (H) columnal with a wide lumen and a narrow, raised perilumen: (I) Flexible crinoid brachial. GIUS 4-3696/flexible; note crenulate sides and on the upper margin a notch to hold a patelloid process from the next highest columnal. All specimens are from Bukowa Góra Member (Emsian), Bukowa Góra quarry, Holy Cross Mountains, southern Poland. All scale bar equals 10 mm but in case of flexible crinoid brachial it is 1 mm.
	Figure 8. (A, B) Crinoid holdfast on stromatoporoids. GIUS 4-3696/holdfast1 and 2, respectively. (C) Crinoid pluricolumnal presumably from the dististele with broken radices; (D) pluricolumnal with elliptical columnals, presumably from a member of the Platycrinitidae; GIUS 4-3696/indet14 and 15 respectively.All specimens are from Bukowa Góra Member (Emsian), Bukowa Góra quarry, Holy Cross Mountains, southern Poland. Scale bar equals 10 mm.

References [+] :

Gorzelak, Reassessing the improbability of a muscular crinoid stem. 2014, Pubmed, Echinobase