Shmukler YB , Nikishin DA .

Figure 1. Transmitters in prenervous embryos and in organisms having no nervous system. An almost complete diversity of transmitters has developed already in unicellular and non-nervous multicellular organisms.

Figure 2. Classical and non-canonical transmitter mechanisms in embryonic cells. (a). Possible mechanisms of intracellular activity of transmitters. Receptor internalization and vesicular transport activity may hypothetically provide for the intracellular activity of receptors in the composition of “receptorosomes.” In addition, monoamines are substrates for covalent modification of proteins and influence their activity. (b). The concept of protosynapse. The concentration of secreted transmitter in the interblastomeric space provides activation of receptors on interblastomeric surfaces and ensures polarization of the cell with respect to the external/internal environment.

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