J Exp Zool B Mol Dev Evol 2022 Jun 01;3384:254-269. doi: 10.1002/jez.b.23126.

Revealing the cells fated to form the cell mass in embryos of temnopleurid sea urchins.

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Larvae of temnopleurid sea urchins form a cell mass (CM) instead of an amniotic cavity on the left side at the early developmental stage for formation of the adult rudiment. However, the cell lineage and the mechanisms that form the CM are still unknown. We analyzed the potential to form a CM in partial embryos resulting from microsurgeries, using two temnopleurid species, Mespilia globulus (L.) and Temnopleurus toreumaticus (Leske). CM formation was completed 28-34 h after fertilization at 24°C, corresponding to the period from the late prism to the two-armed pluteus larval stages in both species. In the case of specimens dissected horizontally during the mesenchyme blastula to prism stages, the CM was formed in partial embryos containing enough of the an2 region, a part of the precursor cells that differentiate the ectoderm. The proportion of specimens with a CM was higher in T. toreumaticus than in M. globulus. Additionally, all larvae derived from half embryos obtained from dissection along the animal-vegetal axis at the mesenchyme blastula stage formed the CM. Transplantation of a stained animal or vegetal hemisphere at the 16-cell stage into a nonstained vegetal or animal embryo indicated that the CM derives from the animal half. Exogastrulae vegetalized by lithium chloride treatment did not form the CM. These results indicate that the CM formation is dependent not only on the an2 region but also on signals from the vegetal region after the mesenchyme blastula stage.

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