Sun S et al. (2022), Mitogenomics provides new insights into the phy...

ECB-ART-50428

Sci Rep 2022 Mar 18;121:4656. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-08644-9.

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Mitogenomics provides new insights into the phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary history of deep-sea sea stars (Asteroidea).

Sun S , Xiao N , Sha Z .

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The deep sea (> 200 m) is considered as the largest and most remote biome, which characterized by low temperatures, low oxygen level, scarce food, constant darkness, and high hydrostatic pressure. The sea stars (class Asteroidea) are ecologically important and diverse echinoderms in all of the world's oceans, occurring from the intertidal to the abyssal zone (to about 6000 m). To date, the phylogeny of the sea stars and the relationships of deep-sea and shallow water groups have not yet been fully resolved. Here, we recovered five mitochondrial genomes of deep-sea asteroids. The A+T content of the mtDNA in deep-sea asteroids were significantly higher than that of the shallow-water groups. The gene orders of the five new mitogenomes were identical to that of other asteroids. The phylogenetic analysis showed that the orders Valvatida, Paxillosida, Forcipulatida are paraphyletic. Velatida was the sister order of all the others and then the cladeValvatida-Spinulosida-Paxillosida-Notomyotida versus Forcipulatida-Brisingida. Deep-sea asteroids were nested in different lineages, instead of a well-supported clade. The tropical Western Pacific was suggested as the original area of asteroids, and the temperate water was initially colonized with asteroids by the migration events from the tropical and cold water. The time-calibrated phylogeny showed that Asteroidea originated during Devonian-Carboniferous boundary and the major lineages of Asteroidea originated during Permian-Triassic boundary. The divergence between the deep-sea and shallow-water asteroids coincided approximately with the Triassic-Jurassic extinction. Total 29 positively selected sites were detected in fifteen mitochondrial genes of five deep-sea lineages, implying a link between deep-sea adaption and mitochondrial molecular biology in asteroids.

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References [+] :

Bernt, MITOS: improved de novo metazoan mitochondrial genome annotation. 2013, Pubmed

	Figure 1. Comparisons of codon usage (y-axis) between the deep-sea and shallow water asteroids. x-axis indicated the synonymous codons. The amino acid and its corresponding p-value were shown at the top of each box plot.
	Figure 2. Phylogenetic analysis of ML and BI based on the nucleotide sequencces of the 13 concatenated protein-coding genes. The bootstrap probability and the Bayesian posterior probability were shown at each node. The deep-sea branchs were marked by red.
	Figure 3. Phylogenetic analysis of ML and BI based on the amino acid sequencces of the 13 concatenated protein-coding genes. The bootstrap probability and the Bayesian posterior probability were shown at each node. The deep-sea branchs were marked by red.
	Figure 4. Historical biogeography (A) and habitat (B) of Asteroidea. The scenario was inferred from three different models (S-DIVA, S-DEC and DEC) based on the ML tree constructed in our study. Pie charts near nodes indicated the probabilities of certain ancestral geographic areas and habitat. Red labels indicated the deep-sea species.
	Figure 5. Time-calibrated mitogenomic phylogeny of Asteroidea estimated by the Bayesian relaxed-molecular clock method. The 95% HPD for each node were indicated in light purple bars. Calibrated nodes are indicated by red arrows. The divergence between the deep-sea and shallow-water species were marked by yellow circles (Nodel A, Nodel B, Nodel C and Nodel C).