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Progress in Preparation of Sea Urchin-like Micro-/Nanoparticles.
Ma R
,
Xiang L
,
Zhao X
,
Yin J
.
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Urchin-like microparticles/nanoparticles assembled from radial nanorods have a good appearance and high specific surface area, providing more exposed active sites and shortening the diffusion path of photoexcited carriers from the interior to the surface. The interfacial interaction and physical and chemical properties of the materials can be improved by the interfacial porous network induced by interlacing nano-branches. In addition, multiple reflections of the layered microstructure can absorb more incident light and improve the photocatalytic performance. Therefore, the synthesis and functionalization of three-dimensional urchin-like nanostructures with controllable size, shape, and hierarchy have attracted extensive attention. This review aims to provide an overview to summarize the structures, mechanism, and application of urchin-like microparticles/nanoparticles derived from diverse synthesis methods and decoration types. Firstly, the synthesis methods of solid urchin-like micro-/nanoparticles are listed, with emphasis on the hydrothermal/solvothermal method and the reaction mechanism of several typical examples. Subsequently, the preparation method of composite urchin-like micro-/nanoparticles is described from the perspective of coating and doping. Then, the research progress of urchin-like hollow microspheres is reviewed from the perspective of the step-by-step method and synchronous method, and the formation mechanism of forming urchin-like hollow microspheres is discussed. Finally, the application progress of sea urchin-like particles in the fields of photocatalysis, electrochemistry, electromagnetic wave absorption, electrorheological, and gas sensors is summarized.
Figure 1. The self-assembly to form CoNi(OH)4 and urchin-like CoNiP in the presence of Ni2+ and Co2+ ions with the help of PEG [37] (Reprinted with permission from ref. [37]. Copyright 2021 IOP).
Figure 2. FESEM images of the as-prepared urchin-like γ-MnS architectures: (a) high-magnification SEM image, (b) enlarged SEM image of an individual urchin-like γ-MnS architecture, (c) FESEM image of a few 1D nanorods, (d) Schematic illustration of the growth mechanism of the urchin-like γ-MnS architectures [44] (Reprinted with permission from ref. [44]. Copyright 2019 Elsevier).
Figure 3. Effects of the reaction time and concentration of reactants on the morphology of urchin-like micro-/nanoparticles: (a) Preparation process of NiCo2O4 with different morphologies under different reaction times [47] (Reprinted with permission from ref. [47]. Copyright 2021 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.). (b) A schematic illustration of SrCO3 morphology evolution influenced by reaction time is in the left circle, that influenced by reactant concentrations is on the right [48] (Reprinted with permission from ref. [48]. Copyright 2017 Elsevier). (c) FESEM images of ZnO nanostructures prepared under different hydrothermal times [49] (Reprinted with permission from ref. [49]. Copyright 2016 Elsevier Ltd. and Techna Group S.r.l). (d) SEM images of products synthesized at different concentrations of the reaction solution [50] (Reprinted with permission from ref. [50]. Copyright 2019 World Scientific).
Figure 4. Examples of different composite types of sea urchin-like composite micro-/nanoparticles: (a) The synthesis process of BU-TiO2–X/Ag3PO4 [67] (Reprinted with permission from ref. [67]. Copyright 2021 Elsevier). (b) Schematic diagram of the synthesis process and electron transfer of MgCo2O4@PPy/NF [68] (Reprinted with permission from ref. [68]. Copyright 2018 The Royal Society of Chemistry). (c) Schematic diagram of the fabrication processes of the urchin-like ZnO/Au/g-C3N4 photocathode and the low-magnification (I) and high-magnification (II) SEM images of urchin-like ZnO/Au/g-C3N4 [69] (Reprinted with permission from ref. [69]. Copyright 2019 Elsevier). (d) Illustration of the fabrication of the SUCSs via one-pot cooperative assembly strategy and TEM images of SUCSs with different amount of RF resins; SUCSs-R-0.2 (I–III) [70] (Reprinted with permission from ref. [70]. Copyright 2017 Elsevier).
Figure 5. Examples of decorated urchin-like micro-/nanoparticles depending on reaction mechanism: (a) A schematic representation of the formation and self-assembly of TiO2 -NR//SnO2 [72] (Reprinted with permission from ref. [72]). (b) Schematic illustration of the formation of NiO–NiCo2O4 microspheres through a two-step method [73] (Reprinted with permission from ref. [73]. Copyright 2019 The Royal Society of Chemistry). (c) Schematic procedure for in situ loading of metal particles on WO3 [74] (Reprinted with permission from ref. [74]. Copyright 2012 American Chemical Society). (d) Schematic diagram of the preparation of the urchin-like Bi2S3/Ag nanostructures and the EDS spectrum of the Ag/Bi2S3 (I), and the elements of S, Ag, and Bi of the Ag/Bi2S3 (II–IV) [75] (Reprinted with permission from ref. [75]. Copyright 2021 American Chemical Society).
Figure 6. Examples of the preparation of urchin-like hollow micro-/nanoparticles by the step method: (a) Schematic illustration of the fabrication of hollow urchin-like TiO2@Ag NPs [84] (Reprinted with permission from ref. [84]. Copyright 2017 Elsevier). (b) Schematic representation of the formation of urchin-like polyaniline hollow spheres [85] (Reprinted with permission from ref. [85]. Copyright 2008 Elsevier). (c) Fabrication processes of hollow urchin-like ZnO microspheres [86] (Reprinted with permission from ref. [86]. Copyright 2016 Elsevier Ltd. and Techna Group S.r.l). (d) Schematic representation of UYTMs [87] (Reprinted with permission from ref. [87]. Copyright 2018 Taylor & Francis Online).
Figure 7. Examples of one-step preparation of urchin-shaped hollow micro-/nanoparticles: (a) Schematic Illustration of the Formation of R-MnO2 Hollow Urchins via the Ostwald Ripening Process [88] (Reprinted with permission from ref. [88]. Copyright 2006 American Chemical Society). (b) Scheme for the fabrication of hollow urchin-like AuNPs [89] (Reprinted with permission from ref. [89]. Copyright 2012 Springerlink). (c) Corresponding FESEM images at different magnifications (I,II) for the urchin-like Co3O4 spheres. (III) An incomplete sphere showing a hollow interior. (IV) Schematic illustration of the formation process of the urchin-like Co(CO3)0.5(OH)·0.11H2O hollow spheres [90] (Reprinted with permission from ref. [90]. Copyright 2012 Elsevier). (d) (I) Schematic of the synthesis route for urchin-like Fe3O4@PDA-Ag hollow microspheres, SEM images of (II) Fe3O4, (III) Time-dependent UV–vis spectra for adsorption of MB solution using urchin-like Fe3O4@PDA-Ag hollow microspheres as adsorbents [91] (Reprinted with permission from ref. [91]. Copyright 2018 Elsevier).
Figure 8. Overview of the application of urchin-like micro-/nanoparticles in different fields: (a) Schematic illustration of the surface plasmon-enhanced photocatalysis mechanism of Au or Ag-decorated TiO2 nanostructures under light irradiation [102] (Reprinted with permission from ref. [102]. Copyright 2013 Elsevier). (b) Schematic diagram of the PEC reaction mechanism of the 3D urchin-like ZnO/Au/g-C3N4 photocathode, EIS Nyquist plots [69] (Reprinted with permission from ref. [69]. Copyright 2019 Elsevier). (c) TEM of MnCo-selenide. TEM mapping of Co, Mn, Se. Images of the red LED lit by two ASCs in series [52] (Reprinted with permission from ref. [52]. Copyright 2019 American Chemical Society). (d) The complex permittivity (I) and RL curves (II) of calcined ZnO/paraffin wax composite [83] (Reprinted with permission from ref. [83]. Copyright 2015 Elsevier). (e) Yield stress as a function of electric field strengths for the suspensions of Cr-doped titania particles with different surface morphologies (T ¼ 23 °C, 10 vol%.) [103] (Reprinted with permission from ref. [103]. Copyright 2009 The Royal Society of Chemistry). (f) (I) Schematic illustration for sensor fabrication. (II) The linear relationship between the response and HCHO concentration (inset: 50–1000 ppb) [104] (Reprinted with permission from ref. [104]. Copyright 2019 Elsevier). (g) Electrochemical performances of the ternary NiCo2S4 urchin-like nano-structure: (I,II) galvanostatic charge–discharge curves measured with different current densities of 1–50 A g−1; (III) Co9S8; (IV) NiS [43] (Reprinted with permission from ref. [43]. Copyright 2013 The Royal Society of Chemistry).
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