Salamon MA et al. (2020), Uncovering the hidden diversity of Mississippia...

ECB-ART-49389

PeerJ 2020 Jan 01;8:e10641. doi: 10.7717/peerj.10641.

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Uncovering the hidden diversity of Mississippian crinoids (Crinoidea, Echinodermata) from Poland.

Salamon MA , Ausich WI , Brachaniec T , Płachno BJ , Gorzelak P .

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Partial crinoid crowns and aboral cups are reported from the Mississippian of Poland for the first time. Most specimens are partially disarticulated or isolated plates, which prevent identification to genus and species, but regardless these remains indicate a rich diversity of Mississippian crinoids in Poland during the Mississippian, especially during the late Viséan. Lanecrinus? sp. is described from the late Tournaisian of the Dębnik Anticline region. A high crinoid biodiversity occurred during late Viséan of the Holy Cross Mountains, including the camerate crinoids Gilbertsocrinus? sp., Platycrinitidae Indeterminate; one flexible crinoid; and numerous eucladid crinoids, including Cyathocrinites mammillaris (Phillips), three taxa represented by partial cups left in open nomenclature, and numerous additional taxa known only from isolated radial plates, brachial plates, and columnals. To date, the youngest occurrence of Gilbertsocrinus was the early Viséan of the United States, thus the present finding in upper Viséan extends this genus range. Furthermore, the occurrence of Lanecrinus? sp. expands the Western European range of this genus into the Tournaisian. A single partially disarticulated crown, Crinoidea Indeterminate B, is described from the Serpukhovian of the Upper Silesian Coal Basin. In addition, several echinoid test plates and spines are also reported.

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	Figure 1. General map of Poland (A) with enlarged maps of the Holy Cross Mountains (B), Upper Silesian Coal Basin (C), and Dębnik Anticline (D) area.Modified after Marynowski, Salamon & Narkiewicz (2002), Krawczyński (2013), Salata (2013) and Salamon et al. (2018).
	Figure 2. Stratigraphic columns of investigated sections. (A) Dębnik Anticline area. (B) Gałęzice area in the Holy Cross Mountains. (C) Gołonóg area in Upper Silesian Coal Basin.Modified after Belka & Skompski (1988), Paszkowski et al. (2008) and Krawczyński (2013).
	Figure 3. Early Carboniferous crinoids from Poland, unless noted otherwise, all specimens are from the Ostrówka Quarry, Holy Cross Mountains. Scale bar equals 10 mm.A, B. Cladida Indeterminate A, lateral views of both sides of this incomplete crown; note distinctive morphology of the secundibrachials (GIUS 5–3695/Ostrówka 2). C, D. Cladida Indeterminate (B) (GIUS 5–3695/Ostrówka 3), lateral view of aboral cup (C); Oral view of of the radial facets of two radial plates. E. Crinoid Indeterminate A, internal view of the preserved plates from the base of the aboral cup (GUIS 5–3695/Ostrówka 9). F, G. Cyathocrinites mammilaris (Phillips, 1836) (GIUS 5–3695/Ostrówka 1), (F) Lateral view of aboral cup, note large, radial facets; (G) oral view of aboral cup H, Lanecrinus? sp., crown, note stout, long pinnules (GIUS 5–543) (from Czatkowice Quarry, Dębnik Anticline). I. pluricolumnal associated with the crown in (H), this may be a more distal portion of the column of Lanecrinus? sp. (GIUS 5–3695/Czatkowice). J. Archaeocideroid spine boss plate in a coarse crinoidal rudstone. K. Crinoidea Indeterminate B from the Dąbrowa Gónicza, upper Silesian Coal Basin (Serpukhovian) (GIUS 5–3695/Gołonóg 1).
	Figure 4. Early Carboniferous crinoid columnals from Poland from the Ostrówka Quarry, Holy Cross Mountains. Scale bar equals 1 mm.(A–C) Gilbertsocrinus? sp. columnal articular facets, note crenulate perilumen and wide areola on all specimens; (A, B) nodals with epifacet (GIUS 5–3695/Ostrówka 5; GIUS 5–3695/Ostrówka 6); (C) internodal without epifacet (GIUS 5–3695/Ostrówka 4). D. pentagonal columnal with crenularium and relatively wide areola (GUIS 5–3695/Ostrówka 50). E. oblique view of a columnal with a narrow crenularium and a smooth latus (GIUS 5–3695/Ostrówka 51). F. oblique view of a columnal with a narrow crenularium and a nodose latus (GIUS 5–3695/Ostrówka 52). G. oblique view of an elongate columnal with a ridge around the columnal at mid height (GIUS 5–3695/Ostrówka 53). H, I. Platycrinitidae Indeterminate columnal, (H) view or articular facet (GIUS 5–3695/Ostrówka 7), (I) oblique view (GIUS 5–3695/Ostrówka 8).
	Figure 5. Early Carboniferous crinoid crown plates from Poland from the Ostrówka Quarry, Holy Cross Mountains. Scale bar equals 1 mm.A-C, E, G, H. Flexibilia Indeterminate, (A) outer surface of radial plate, note notch for petaloid process, (B) inside of radial plate illustrated in (A) (GIUS 5–3695/Ostrówka 12), (C) distal facet of brachial plate (GIUS 5–3695/Ostrówka 14), (E) proximal facet of brachial plate with pateloid process projecting out of the image (GIUS 5–3695/ Ostrówka 13), (G) outer view of axillary plate, (H) distal view with two facets on the axillary plate illustrated in (G) (GIUS 5–3695/Ostrówka 15). (D) Radial plate with very fine, granulose plate sculturing and a plenary radial facet (GIUS 5–3695/Ostrówka14). (F) Radial plate with very fine, granulose plate sculturing and a peneplenary radial facet (GIUS 5–3695/Ostrówka 20). (I) Radial plate (GIUS 5–3695/Ostrówka 21). Radial plate with very fine, granulose plate sculturing and a plenary radial facet. (J) Radial plate with a protruding, declivate radial facet (GIUS 5–3695/Ostrówka 22). (K) radial plate (GIUS 5–3695/Ostrówka 24). (L, M) Radial plate with robust spine (GIUS 5–3695/Ostrówka 23). (L) Proximal view with facets to adjacent plates, (distal view illustrating radial facet). (N) Outer view of a very high brachial plate with serrated sculpturing along its margins (GIUS 5–3695/Ostrówka 40). (O, P) Low, weakly cuneate brachial plate, (O) view of facet, (P) outer surface of brachial (GIUS 5–3695/Ostrówka 37). (Q) High, moderately cuneate brachial plates with concave lateral sides (GIUS 5–3695/Ostrówka 38). (R) Spinose, cuneate brachial plate (GIUS 5–3695/Ostrówka 39). (S) Very high axillary brachial plate with strongly concave sides (GIUS 5–3695/Ostrówka 46). (T) Oblique proximal view of an axillary first primibrachial plate (GIUS 5–3695/Ostrówka 44). (U) Brachial plate with a pinnular facet (GIUS 5–3695/Ostrówka 45). (V) Very high axillary brachial plate (GIUS 5–3695/Ostrówka 47).

References [+] :

Salamon, Putative Late Ordovician land plants. 2018, Pubmed