Click
here to close Hello! We notice that
you are using Internet Explorer, which is not supported by Echinobase
and may cause the site to display incorrectly. We suggest using a
current version of Chrome,
FireFox,
or Safari.
The Use of Larval Sea Stars and Sea Urchins in the Discovery of Shared Mechanisms of Metazoan Whole-Body Regeneration.
Wolff A
,
Hinman V
.
???displayArticle.abstract???
The ability to regenerate is scattered among the metazoan tree of life. Further still, regenerative capacity varies widely within these specific organisms. Numerous organisms, all with different regenerative capabilities, have been studied at length and key similarities and disparities in how regeneration occurs have been identified. In order to get a better grasp on understanding regeneration as a whole, we must search for new models that are capable of extensive regeneration, as well as those that have been under sampled in the literature. As invertebrate deuterostomes, echinoderms fit both of these requirements. Multiple members regenerate various tissue types at all life stages, including examples of whole-body regeneration. Interrogations in two highly studied echinoderms, the sea urchin and the sea star, have provided knowledge of tissue and whole-body regeneration at various life stages. Work has begun to examine regeneration in echinoderm larvae, a potential new system for understanding regenerative mechanisms in a basal deuterostome. Here, we review the ways these two animals' larvae have been utilized as a model of regeneration.
Figure 1. Sea star bipinnaria larval morphology. Left, a light microscopy image of a larva of a sea star (Patiria miniata). Large structures are easy to identify and tissues are transparent, making both light and fluorescent microscopy advantageous. Right, a schematic of major sea star larval structures.
Figure 2. (A) graphical summary of the results from Cary et al. (2019) [41] examining mechanisms of larval sea star regeneration. Sea star larvae proportion their body size following bisection. This results in regenerated larvae that have similar proportions to that of an uncut larva but a smaller overall size. (B) Soon after bisection, the larval epithelium wound closes and expression of wound-induced genes is seen at the site of damage (blue area). This includes the expression of genes such as Elk and Egr and the localization of phosphorylated-ERK. (C) Subsequent to a reduction in overall cell proliferation early in regeneration (green circles), a cluster of proliferative cells emerges specifically at the injury site, akin to a regeneration blastema. (D) Loss of expression of genes along the anterior-posterior (AP) axis is recovered as regeneration proceeds. Many of these genes are components of the canonical Wnt-signaling pathway.
Amir,
Senescence and Longevity of Sea Urchins.
2020,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Andrikou,
Logics and properties of a genetic regulatory program that drives embryonic muscle development in an echinoderm.
2015,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Angerer,
Patterning the sea urchin embryo: gene regulatory networks, signaling pathways, and cellular interactions.
2003,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Annunziata,
Intact cluster and chordate-like expression of ParaHox genes in a sea star.
2013,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Bely,
Evolution of animal regeneration: re-emergence of a field.
2010,
Pubmed
Ben Khadra,
Re-growth, morphogenesis, and differentiation during starfish arm regeneration.
2015,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Bodnar,
Cellular and molecular mechanisms of negligible senescence: insight from the sea urchin.
2015,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Buckley,
Bacterial artificial chromosomes as recombinant reporter constructs to investigate gene expression and regulation in echinoderms.
2018,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Byrne,
Expression of genes and proteins of the pax-six-eya-dach network in the metamorphic sea urchin: Insights into development of the enigmatic echinoderm body plan and sensory structures.
2018,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Cary,
Echinoderm development and evolution in the post-genomic era.
2017,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Cary,
Analysis of sea star larval regeneration reveals conserved processes of whole-body regeneration across the metazoa.
2019,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Ch Ho,
Perturbation of gut bacteria induces a coordinated cellular immune response in the purple sea urchin larva.
2016,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Cheatle Jarvela,
A method for microinjection of Patiria miniata zygotes.
2014,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Cheatle Jarvela,
A gene regulatory network for apical organ neurogenesis and its spatial control in sea star embryos.
2016,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Cui,
Specific functions of the Wnt signaling system in gene regulatory networks throughout the early sea urchin embryo.
2014,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Czarkwiani,
Expression of skeletogenic genes during arm regeneration in the brittle star Amphiura filiformis.
2013,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Czarkwiani,
Skeletal regeneration in the brittle star Amphiura filiformis.
2016,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Czarkwiani,
FGF signalling plays similar roles in development and regeneration of the skeleton in the brittle star Amphiura filiformis.
2021,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Darnet,
Deep evolutionary origin of limb and fin regeneration.
2019,
Pubmed
Di Benedetto,
Echinoderm regeneration: an in vitro approach using the crinoid Antedon mediterranea.
2014,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
DuBuc,
Initiating a regenerative response; cellular and molecular features of wound healing in the cnidarian Nematostella vectensis.
2014,
Pubmed
Eaves,
Reproduction: widespread cloning in echinoderm larvae.
2003,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Echeverri,
In vivo imaging indicates muscle fiber dedifferentiation is a major contributor to the regenerating tail blastema.
2001,
Pubmed
Erkenbrack,
Divergence of ectodermal and mesodermal gene regulatory network linkages in early development of sea urchins.
2016,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Erkenbrack,
Notch-mediated lateral inhibition is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism patterning the ectoderm in echinoids.
2018,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Fresques,
Selective accumulation of germ-line associated gene products in early development of the sea star and distinct differences from germ-line development in the sea urchin.
2014,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Furukawa,
Defense system by mesenchyme cells in bipinnaria larvae of the starfish, Asterina pectinifera.
2009,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Gorzelak,
²⁶Mg labeling of the sea urchin regenerating spine: Insights into echinoderm biomineralization process.
2011,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Goss,
The evolution of regeneration: adaptive or inherent?
1992,
Pubmed
Hall,
The crown-of-thorns starfish genome as a guide for biocontrol of this coral reef pest.
2017,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Iwata,
Stability and plasticity of positional memory during limb regeneration in Ambystoma mexicanum.
2020,
Pubmed
Jopling,
Zebrafish heart regeneration occurs by cardiomyocyte dedifferentiation and proliferation.
2010,
Pubmed
Kawamura,
Role of Vasa, Piwi, and Myc-expressing coelomic cells in gonad regeneration of the colonial tunicate, Botryllus primigenus.
2011,
Pubmed
Lai,
EvoRegen in animals: Time to uncover deep conservation or convergence of adult stem cell evolution and regenerative processes.
2018,
Pubmed
Laubichler,
Boveri's long experiment: sea urchin merogones and the establishment of the role of nuclear chromosomes in development.
2008,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Maden,
The evolution of regeneration - where does that leave mammals?
2018,
Pubmed
Mashanov,
Transcriptomic changes during regeneration of the central nervous system in an echinoderm.
2014,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Materna,
The S. purpuratus genome: a comparative perspective.
2006,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
McCauley,
Dose-dependent nuclear β-catenin response segregates endomesoderm along the sea star primary axis.
2015,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Mellott,
Notch signaling patterns neurogenic ectoderm and regulates the asymmetric division of neural progenitors in sea urchin embryos.
2017,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Morcos,
Vivo-Morpholinos: a non-peptide transporter delivers Morpholinos into a wide array of mouse tissues.
2008,
Pubmed
Nachtrab,
Transcriptional components of anteroposterior positional information during zebrafish fin regeneration.
2013,
Pubmed
Okada,
Regeneration of the digestive tract of an anterior-eviscerating sea cucumber, Eupentacta quinquesemita, and the involvement of mesenchymal-epithelial transition in digestive tube formation.
2019,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Oulhen,
Regeneration in bipinnaria larvae of the bat star Patiria miniata induces rapid and broad new gene expression.
2016,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Park,
Cell division during regeneration in Hydra.
1970,
Pubmed
Peter,
Genomic control of patterning.
2009,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Range,
Integration of canonical and noncanonical Wnt signaling pathways patterns the neuroectoderm along the anterior-posterior axis of sea urchin embryos.
2013,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Reinardy,
Tissue regeneration and biomineralization in sea urchins: role of Notch signaling and presence of stem cell markers.
2015,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Röttinger,
A Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathway is required for development of the sea urchin embryo micromere lineage through phosphorylation of the transcription factor Ets.
2004,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Sandoval-Guzmán,
Fundamental differences in dedifferentiation and stem cell recruitment during skeletal muscle regeneration in two salamander species.
2014,
Pubmed
Simakov,
Hemichordate genomes and deuterostome origins.
2015,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Slota,
Identification of neural transcription factors required for the differentiation of three neuronal subtypes in the sea urchin embryo.
2018,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Slota,
Developmental origin of peripheral ciliary band neurons in the sea urchin embryo.
2020,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Sodergren,
The genome of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus.
2006,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Sunderland,
Regeneration: Thomas Hunt Morgan's window into development.
2010,
Pubmed
Sánchez Alvarado,
Bridging the regeneration gap: genetic insights from diverse animal models.
2006,
Pubmed
Vickery,
Regeneration in echinoderm larvae.
2001,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Vickery,
Utilization of a novel deuterostome model for the study of regeneration genetics: molecular cloning of genes that are differentially expressed during early stages of larval sea star regeneration.
2001,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Vickery,
Morphogenesis and organogenesis in the regenerating planktotrophic larvae of asteroids and echinoids.
2002,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Wenemoser,
Planarian regeneration involves distinct stem cell responses to wounds and tissue absence.
2010,
Pubmed
Yajima,
Essential elements for translation: the germline factor Vasa functions broadly in somatic cells.
2015,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Yankura,
Uncoupling of complex regulatory patterning during evolution of larval development in echinoderms.
2010,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Yoo,
Early redox, Src family kinase, and calcium signaling integrate wound responses and tissue regeneration in zebrafish.
2012,
Pubmed
