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Sci Rep
2021 Aug 19;111:16819. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-96331-6.
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Genetic homogeneity, lack of larvae recruitment, and clonality in absence of females across western Mediterranean populations of the starfish Coscinasterias tenuispina.
Pérez-Portela R
,
Garcia-Cisneros A
,
Campos-Canet M
,
Palacín C
.
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We here analysed the populations' genetic structure of Coscinasterias tenuispina, an Atlantic-Mediterranean fissiparous starfish, focusing on the western Mediterranean, to investigate: the distribution and prevalence of genetic variants, the relative importance of asexual reproduction, connectivity across the Atlantic-Mediterranean transition, and the potential recent colonisation of the Mediterranean Sea. Individuals from 11 Atlantic-Mediterranean populations of a previous study added to 172 new samples from five new W Mediterranean sites. Individuals were genotyped at 12 microsatellite loci and their gonads histologically analysed for sex determination. Additionally, four populations were genotyped at two-time points. Results demonstrated genetic homogeneity and low clonal richness within the W Mediterranean, due to the dominance of a superclone, but large genetic divergence with adjacent areas. The lack of new genotypes recruitment over time, and the absence of females, confirmed that W Mediterranean populations were exclusively maintained by fission and reinforced the idea of its recent colonization. The existence of different environmental conditions among basins and/or density-depend processes could explain this lack of recruitment from distant areas. The positive correlation between clonal richness and heterozygote excess suggests that most genetic diversity is retained within individuals in the form of heterozygosity in clonal populations, which might increase their resilience.
Figure 1. Sampling localities and genetic variants of Coscinasterias tenuispina. (a) Pie charts depict the frequency of each multi locus genotype (MLG) per locality; shared colours among localities indicate common MLGs, and partitions in white represent private MLGs; (b) Pie charts depict the frequency of each multi locus lineage (MLL) per locality; shared colours among localities indicate common MLLs, and partitions in grey represent private MLLs. Major oceanographic areas are indicated by letters (A, B, C, and D) and potential barriers/fronts by numbers (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5). The code of the new sampling sites of this study, located at the Alboran Sea (B) and W Mediterranean (C), are bolded. This map was created with the free software MAPTOOL: SEATURTLE.ORG Maptool. 2002. SEATURTLE.ORG, Inc. http://www.seaturtle.org/maptool/ 06 July 2021.
Figure 2. FIS versus genetic diversity in Coscinasterias tenuispina, including all individuals. Graph representing the FIS value per locality (left y-axis) versus clonal richness and number of MLLs per locality (solid red line and dotted green line, respectively) (right y-axis).
Figure 3. Genetic distances between localities of C. tenuispina, including all individuals. (a) Heatmap based on FST distances between localities and; (b) unrooted neighbor-joining tree based on FST distances between localities; values on the branches represent genetic distances. Codes in purple represent sites from the Canary Islands, in red from the Cantabrian Sea, turquoise from the Alboran Sea, blue from the W Mediterranean, and orange from the E Mediterranean. On the heatmap, white background comparisons are non-significant (p ≤ 0.01). Values of FST distances and their associated p-values are included as Supplementary material S7. This figure was created with the gplots v 3.0.3 (a) and adegenet v 2.1.3 (b) packages in R.
Figure 4. DAPCs of C. tenuispina. Graphs depict DAPC results based on sampling localities from two datasets: including all individuals and geographical areas (left graph), and only Mediterranean localities (right graph).
Figure 5. Barplots from the Bayesian clustering analysis obtained in STRUCTURE for K = 2, K = 5 and K = 8, from the whole dataset including all individuals. Major oceanographic areas and fronts are indicated.
Figure 6. Migration across the Alboran Sea in C. tenuispina. Immigration rates estimated with the software Migrate. Gene flow from west to east represented with black arrows, and from east to west with grey arrows.
Figure 7. Genetic temporal trend in C. tenuispina. Pie charts depict the frequency of each multi locus genotype (MLG) per site at t1 and t2. White partitions represent private MLGs, and blue colour shared genetic variants among localities and over time. For CUN no individuals were found at t2. This map was created with the free software MAPTOOL: SEATURTLE.ORG Maptool. 2002. SEATURTLE.ORG, Inc. http://www.seaturtle.org/maptool/ 23 July 2021.
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