De Baets K et al. (2021), Phanerozoic parasitism and marine metazoan dive...

ECB-ART-48956

Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021 Nov 08;3761837:20200366. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0366.

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Phanerozoic parasitism and marine metazoan diversity: dilution versus amplification.

De Baets K , Huntley JW , Scarponi D , Klompmaker AA , Skawina A .

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Growing evidence suggests that biodiversity mediates parasite prevalence. We have compiled the first global database on occurrences and prevalence of marine parasitism throughout the Phanerozoic and assess the relationship with biodiversity to test if there is support for amplification or dilution of parasitism at the macroevolutionary scale. Median prevalence values by era are 5% for the Paleozoic, 4% for the Mesozoic, and a significant increase to 10% for the Cenozoic. We calculated period-level shareholder quorum sub-sampled (SQS) estimates of mean sampled diversity, three-timer (3T) origination rates, and 3T extinction rates for the most abundant host clades in the Paleobiology Database to compare to both occurrences of parasitism and the more informative parasite prevalence values. Generalized linear models (GLMs) of parasite occurrences and SQS diversity measures support both the amplification (all taxa pooled, crinoids and blastoids, and molluscs) and dilution hypotheses (arthropods, cnidarians, and bivalves). GLMs of prevalence and SQS diversity measures support the amplification hypothesis (all taxa pooled and molluscs). Though likely scale-dependent, parasitism has increased through the Phanerozoic and clear patterns primarily support the amplification of parasitism with biodiversity in the history of life. This article is part of the theme issue 'Infectious disease macroecology: parasite diversity and dynamics across the globe'.

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	Figure 1. . Examples of parasite–host interactions preserved on marine animal host skeletons. (a) Modern isopod-infested decapod (as indicated by swelling on right side), Galathea sp. Camiguin, Philippines (Klompmaker et al. [77]; Creative Commons Attribution License). (b) Middle Devonian crinoid, Arthroacantha carpenteri, infested by platyceratid gastropod (placed on the topmost side of the picture), Silica Shale, Sylvania, Ohio, US (Baumiller & Gahn [32]; reproduced with permission). (c) Holocene trematode-induced circular pits on interior of bivalve Chamelea gallina, specimen 129 from 13.10 m depth sample of core 240S8, Po River plain, Italy (photomicrograph by JWH). (d) Modern death assemblage spionid polychaete-induced mudblister (right side) on bivalve Clinocardium nuttalli, Monroe Landing, Whidbey Island, Washington, USA (transmitted and reflected light photomicrograph; JWH collections: photomicrograph by Gabriel S Jacobs). (e) Early Cambrian encrusting tubes of unknown kleptoparasite on the brachiopod Neobolus wulongqingensis, Guanshan Konservat-Lagerstatte, Wulongqing Formation, eastern Yunnan, China (Zhang et al. [41]; Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License).
	Figure 2. . Phanerozoic history of parasitism occurrence and prevalence among marine animals. (a) Rug plot (along x-axis) and density plot of the temporal distribution of single host taxon occurrences through geologic time. (b) Prevalence values of occurrences with at least 10 specimens through geologic time colour-coded by host phylum. Inset plot, median prevalence values by era.
	Figure 3. . Graphical depiction of GLM of occurrences (y-axes) versus SQS mean standing diversity, SQS 3T origination rates, 3T extinction rates, and midpoint age of geologic time period (as reported in table 1). The solid line depicts the resulting generalized linear model and the grey field represents its 95% confidence interval. (Online version in colour.)
	Figure 4. . Graphical depiction of GLM of prevalence values (y-axes) versus SQS mean standing diversity, SQS 3T origination rates, SQS 3T extinction rates and best estimate age of sample (as reported in table 3). The solid line depicts the resulting generalized linear model and the grey field represents its 95% confidence interval. (Online version in colour.)

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