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Presence and biodistribution of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in Paracentrotus lividus highlight its potential application for environmental biomonitoring.
Savoca D
,
Melfi R
,
Palumbo Piccionello A
,
Barreca S
,
Buscemi S
,
Arizza V
,
Arculeo M
,
Pace A
.
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The first determination of presence and biodistribution of PFOA in ninety specimens of sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus from two differently contaminated sites along Palermo's coastline (Sicily) is reported. Analyses were performed on the sea urchins' coelomic fluids, coelomocytes, gonads or mixed organs, as well as on seawater and Posidonia oceanica leaves samples from the collection sites. PFOA concentration ranged between 1 and 13 ng/L in seawater and between 0 and 794 ng/g in P. oceanica. The analyses carried out on individuals of P. lividus from the least polluted site (A) showed PFOA median values equal to 0 in all the matrices (coelomic fluid, coelomocytes and gonads). Conversely, individuals collected from the most polluted site (B) showed median PFOA concentrations of 21 ng/g in coelomic fluid, 153 ng/g in coelomocytes, and 195 ng/g in gonads. Calculated bioconcentration factors of log10BCF > 3.7 confirmed the very bioaccumulative nature of PFOA. Significant correlations were found between the PFOA concentration of the coelomic fluid versus the total PFOA concentration of the entire sea urchin. PERMANOVA (p = 0.001) end Welch's t-test (p < 0.001) analyses showed a difference between specimens collected from the two sites highlighting the potential application of P. lividus as sentinel species for PFOA biomonitoring.
Figure 1. Map of the sampling site. (a) Geographic area, (b) bathymetric chart and (c) relative distance between sample sites; (d, e) close ups of sampling sites. (Images obtained by courtesy of Google Earth Pro and map.openseamap.org).
Figure 2. Box and jitter plot showing the concentrations of PFOA found in the Coelomic Fluid (CF) Coelomocytes (CC) and Gonads or Mixed organs (GoM), as well as the total PFOA concentration (TOT), in 45 specimens of P. lividus collected from Site A (left side) and in 45 specimens of P. lividus collected from Site B (right side).
Figure 3. Correlation graphs between either log10[PFOA] in a type of matrix labelled as: (a) CF = Coelomic Fluid, (b) CC = Coelomocytes, (c) GoM = Gonads or Mixed organs (x-axis), (d) CC + CF versus the total concentration in the entire specimen expressed as log10[PFOA]TOT (y-axis).
Figure 4. Data distribution by (a) 2D-scattered plot of the first two principal components (eigenvectors F1–F2); (b) 2D-scattered plot of first and third principal components (eigenvectors F1–F3). Data points arising from specimen collected in Site A (blue symbols) or Site B (red symbols).
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