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Toxics
2021 Oct 01;910:. doi: 10.3390/toxics9100244.
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Transfer of Pollutants from Macrocystis pyrifera to Tetrapygus niger in a Highly Impacted Coastal Zone of Chile.
Latorre-Padilla N
,
Meynard A
,
Rivas J
,
Contreras-Porcia L
.
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PAHs and heavy metals are characteristic pollutants in urbanized coastal areas, especially those with industrial activity. Given this context and the ability of Macrocystis pyrifera to drift when detached and provide trophic subsidy in coastal systems, we analyzed the potential transfer of pollutants to the herbivore Tetrapygus niger, through diet, in an industrialized coastal zone in Central Chile (Caleta Horcón) and characterized the impacted zone using diverse polluted ecotoxicological indices. For this purpose, a culture experiment was conducted where M. pyrifera individuals from Algarrobo (control site) were cultivated in Caleta Horcón and then used as food for T. niger. The contents of both PAHs and heavy metal contents were subsequently determined in algal tissue and sea urchin gonads as well as in the seawater. The results show that algae cultivated in Caleta Horcón had higher concentrations of naphthalene (NAF) compared to those from a low industrial impact zone (Algarrobo) (2.5 and 1.8 mg kg-1, respectively). The concentrations of Cu, As, and Cd were higher in Caleta Horcón than in Algarrobo in both M. pyrifera and T. niger. For all metals, including Pb, higher concentrations were present in T. niger than in M. pyrifera (between 5 and 798 times higher). Additionally, as indicated by the toxicological indices MPI (0.00804) and PLI (10.89), Caleta Horcón is highly contaminated with metals compared to Algarrobo (0.0006 and 0.015, respectively). Finally, the bioconcentration factor (BCF) and trophic transfer factor (TTF) values were greater than one in most cases, with values in Caleta Horcón exceeding those in Algarrobo by one or two orders of magnitude. This study provides evidence that Caleta Horcón is a highly impacted zone (HIZ) compared to Algarrobo, in addition to evidence that the biomagnification of certain pollutants, including the possible responses to contaminants, are apparently not exclusively transferred to T. niger through diet.
Figure 1. Map of the researched areas in this study. The gray area represents the Valparaíso region of Chile.
Figure 2. Simplified scheme of the culture and feeding experiments. The blue arrow indicates the origin and destination of the 15 Macrocystis pyrifera individuals, and the dashed arrows correspond to the origin of the kelp tissue for the feeding experiment according to the treatments.
Figure 3. Concentration of naphthalene (NAF) in Macrocystis pyrifera tissue from Algarrobo (NIZ) and Caleta Horcón (HIZ) after 60 days of culture. Letters (a and b) correspond to significant differences, ANOVA (p < 0.05). Each treatment comprised three replicates. NIZ = non-impacted zone, HIZ = highly impacted zone.
Figure 4. Concentrations of Cu, As, Cd, and Pb in (a) M. pyrifera and (b) T. niger tissues collected from Algarrobo (NIZ) and Caleta Horcón (HIZ). Asterisks represent significant differences between the treatments of the same matrix for each metal, ANOVA (p < 0.05). NIZ = non-impacted zone, HIZ = highly impacted zone.
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