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Bioactive Potential of Two Marine Picocyanobacteria Belonging to Cyanobium and Synechococcus Genera.
Pagliara P
,
De Benedetto GE
,
Francavilla M
,
Barca A
,
Caroppo C
.
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Coccoid cyanobacteria produce a great variety of secondary metabolites, which may have useful properties, such as antibacterial, antiviral, anticoagulant or anticancer activities. These cyanobacterial metabolites have high ecological significance, and they could be considered responsible for the widespread occurrence of these microorganisms. Considering the great benefit derived from the identification of competent cyanobacteria for the extraction of bioactive compounds, two strains of picocyanobacteria (coccoid cyanobacteria < 3 µm) (Cyanobium sp. ITAC108 and Synechococcus sp. ITAC107) isolated from the Mediterranean sponge Petrosia ficiformis were analyzed. The biological effects of organic and aqueous extracts from these picocyanobacteria toward the nauplii of Artemia salina, sea urchin embryos and human cancer lines (HeLa cells) were evaluated. Methanolic and aqueous extracts from the two strains strongly inhibited larval development; on the contrary, in ethyl acetate and hexane extracts, the percentage of anomalous embryos was low. Moreover, all the extracts of the two strains inhibited HeLa cell proliferation, but methanol extracts exerted the highest activity. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis evidenced for the first time the presence of β-N-methylamino-l-alanine and microcystin in these picocyanobacteria. The strong cytotoxic activity observed for aqueous and methanolic extracts of these two cyanobacteria laid the foundation for the production of bioactive compounds of pharmacological interest.
Figure 1. Fractionated extraction yield (expressed as % dry weight) of Cyanobium sp. ITAC108 and Synechococcus sp. ITAC107 biomass. Different solvents with different polarity indexes (hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol and water) were used.
Figure 2. Percentage of anomalous sea urchin embryos after 24 h of treatment with cyanobacterial extracts.
Figure 3. Micrographs of P. lividus embryos after 24 h of treatment with cyanobacteria extracts. (A) Control sample; (B,C) sea urchin embryos treated with aqueous extracts from Cyanobium sp. ITAC108 and Synechococcus sp. ITAC107, respectively; (D) sea urchin embryos treated with hexane extracts from Synechococcus sp. ITAC107; (E,F) sea urchin embryos treated with methanolic extracts from Cyanobium sp. ITAC108 and Synechococcus sp. ITAC107, respectively. Bar represents 100 µm.
Figure 4. Micrographs of P. lividus embryos after 48 h of treatment with cyanobacteria extracts. (A) Control sample. (B) Sea urchin embryos treated with ethyl acetate extracts from Cyanobium sp. ITAC108. (C) Sea urchin embryos treated with hexane extracts from Synechococcus sp. ITAC107. (D) Sea urchin embryos treated with ethyl acetate extracts from Synechococcus sp. ITAC107. (E) Untreated P. lividus embryo. (F) Embryo treated with ethyl acetate extracts from Synechococcus sp. ITAC107. (G) Embryo treated with ethyl acetate extracts from Synechococcus sp. ITAC107. Bar represents 100 µm.
Figure 5. Effect of cyanobacterial fractions on cultured cells viability. The MTT assays was performed on human HeLa cells exposed for 6 h to cyanobacterial fractions from Synechococcus sp. ITAC107 and Cyanobium sp. ITAC108 strains.
Figure 6. Extracted chromatograms of m/z 291.1263 ion for methanolic and aqueous extracts for Cyanobium sp. ITAC108 and Synechococcus sp. ITAC107 in the region comprised between 16 and 17 min. In the chromatograms, it is possible to identify 2,4-DAB and BMAA.
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