Castrejón M and Charles A (2020), Human and climatic drivers affect spatial fishi...

ECB-ART-48629

PLoS One 2020 Jan 07;151:e0228094. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228094.

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Human and climatic drivers affect spatial fishing patterns in a multiple-use marine protected area: The Galapagos Marine Reserve.

Castrejón M , Charles A .

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Assessments of the effectiveness of marine protected areas (MPAs) usually assume that fishing patterns change exclusively due to the implementation of an MPA. This assumption increases the risk of erroneous conclusions in assessing marine zoning, and consequently counter-productive management actions. Accordingly, it is important to understand how fishers respond to a combination of the implementation of no-take zones, and various climatic and human drivers of change. Those adaptive responses could influence the interpretation of assessment of no-take zone effectiveness, yet few studies have examined these aspects. Indeed, such analysis is often unfeasible in developing countries, due to the dominance of data-poor fisheries, which precludes full examination of the social-ecological outcomes of MPAs. In the Galapagos Marine Reserve (Ecuador), however, the availability of long-term spatially explicit fishery monitoring data (1997-2011) for the spiny lobster fishery allows such an analysis. Accordingly, we evaluated how the spatiotemporal allocation of fishing effort in this multiple-use MPA was affected by the interaction of diverse climatic and human drivers, before and after implementation of no-take zones. Geographic information system modelling techniques were used in combination with boosted regression models to identify how these drivers influenced fishers'' behavior. Our results show that the boom-and-bust exploitation of the sea cucumber fishery and the global financial crisis 2007-09, rather than no-take zone implementation, were the most important drivers affecting the distribution of fishing effort across the archipelago. Both drivers triggered substantial macro-scale changes in fishing effort dynamics, which in turn altered the micro-scale dynamics of fishing patterns. Fishers'' adaptive responses were identified, and their management implications analyzed. This leads to recommendations for more effective marine and fishery management in the Galapagos, based on improved assessment of the effectiveness of no-take zones.

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Genes referenced: LOC100887844

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	Fig 1. Marine biogeographical regions of the Galapagos Islands.Red circles indicate the location of the three main fishing ports: Puerto Villamil (PV), Puerto Ayora (PA) and Baquerizo Moreno (BM). Black areas indicate the location of no-take zones.
	Fig 2. Long-term variation in fishing capacity in the spiny lobster and sea cucumber fishery from the Galapagos Marine Reserve.a) active fishers per year; b) active small-scale vessels per year; c) active mother boats per year; d) relationship between active lobster and sea cucumber fishers per port; e) relationship between active lobster and sea cucumber small-vessels per port; and f) relationship between active lobster and sea cucumber mother boats per port. BM: Baquerizo Moreno; PA: Puerto Ayora; PV: Puerto Villamil; CoM-EN: Co-governance and El Niño; RovBan1: Sea cucumber re-opening phase; RovBan2: Sea cucumber expansion phase; MarZon: Sea cucumber overexploitation phase and marine zoning; Crisis: Sea cucumber collapse phase and global financial crisis; Recovery: Spiny lobster recovery.The sea cucumber fishery was closed five years. In 2001, there was an unsuccessful attempt to implement an individual quota system in the sea cucumber fishery, which led to a temporal reduction in fishing effort [50,51].
	Fig 3. Core areas (filled ellipses) and distribution ranges (unfilled ellipses) of the fishing fleets from Puerto Ayora, Baquerizo Moreno and Puerto Villamil in the Galapagos Marine Reserve between 1997 and 2011, based on port interview data, for each of the six time periods.Co-governance and El Niño (CoM-EN); Sea cucumber re-opening phase (RovBan1); Sea cucumber expansion phase (RovBan2); Sea cucumber overexploitation phase and marine zoning (MarZon); Sea cucumber collapse phase and global financial crisis (Crisis); and Spiny lobster recovery (Recovery).
	Fig 4. Core areas (filled ellipses) and distribution ranges (unfilled ellipses) of the fishing fleets from Puerto Ayora, Baquerizo Moreno and Puerto Villamil in the Galapagos Marine Reserve between 2001 and 2008, based on observer onboard data.Results are shown for three time periods: Sea cucumber expansion phase (RovBan2); Sea cucumber overexploitation phase and marine zoning (MarZon); Sea cucumber collapse phase and global financial crisis (Crisis).
	Fig 5. Fishing effort hotspots in the Galapagos Marine Reserve for the spiny lobster fishery between 1997 and 2011, based on port interview data.Six-time periods are shown: Co-governance and El Niño (CoM-EN); Sea cucumber re-opening phase (RovBan1); Sea cucumber expansion phase (RovBan2); Sea cucumber overexploitation phase and marine zoning (MarZon); Sea cucumber collapse phase and global financial crisis (Crisis); and Spiny lobster recovery (Recovery).
	Fig 6. Fishing effort hotspots in the Galapagos Marine Reserve for the spiny lobster fishery between 2001 and 2008, based on observer onboard data.Three-time periods are shown: Sea cucumber expansion phase (RovBan2); Sea cucumber overexploitation phase and marine zoning (MarZon); Sea cucumber collapse phase and global financial crisis (Crisis).
	Fig 7. Variation of fishing effort (in diver-hours) in relation to predictor variables for the spiny lobster fishery of the Galapagos Marine Reserve, according to the regional BRT model.The response variable (diver-hours) has been centered by subtracting its mean. Variable importance scores are shown in parentheses. Rug plots indicate the distribution of observations in relation to the predictor variable. CoM-EN: Co-governance and El Niño; RovBan1: Sea cucumber re-opening phase; RovBan2: Sea cucumber expansion phase; MarZon: Sea cucumber overexploitation phase and marine zoning; Crisis: Sea cucumber collapse phase and global financial crisis; Recovery: Spiny lobster recovery.
	Fig 8. Variation of fishing effort (in diver-hours) in relation to predictor variables for the spiny lobster fishery of the Galapagos Marine Reserve, according to the BRT model for Puerto Villamil.The response variable (diver-hours) has been centered by subtracting its mean. Variable importance scores are shown in parentheses. Rug plots indicate the distribution of observations in relation to the predictor variable. CoM-EN: Co-governance and El Niño; RovBan1: Sea cucumber re-opening phase; RovBan2: Sea cucumber expansion phase; MarZon: Sea cucumber overexploitation phase and marine zoning; Crisis: Sea cucumber collapse phase and global financial crisis; Recovery: Spiny lobster recovery.
	Fig 9. Variation of fishing effort (in diver-hours) in relation to predictor variables for the spiny lobster fishery of the Galapagos Marine Reserve, according to the BRT model for Puerto Ayora.The response variable (diver-hours) has been centered by subtracting its mean. Variable importance scores are shown in parentheses. Rug plots indicate the distribution of observations in relation to the predictor variable. CoM-EN: Co-governance and El Niño; RovBan1: Sea cucumber re-opening phase; RovBan2: Sea cucumber expansion phase; MarZon: Sea cucumber overexploitation phase and marine zoning; Crisis: Sea cucumber collapse phase and global financial crisis; Recovery: Spiny lobster recovery.
	Fig 10. Variation of fishing effort (in diver-hours) in relation to predictor variables for the spiny lobster fishery of the Galapagos Marine Reserve, according to the BRT model for Baquerizo Moreno.The response variable (diver-hours) has been centered by subtracting its mean. Variable importance scores are shown in parentheses. Rug plots indicate the distribution of observations in relation to the predictor variable. CoM-EN: Co-governance and El Niño; RovBan1: Sea cucumber re-opening phase; RovBan2: Sea cucumber expansion phase; MarZon: Sea cucumber overexploitation phase and marine zoning; Crisis: Sea cucumber collapse phase and global financial crisis; Recovery: Spiny lobster recovery.

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