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Biol Open
2019 Oct 24;810:. doi: 10.1242/bio.043604.
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Growth and toxicity of Halomicronema metazoicum (Cyanoprokaryota, Cyanophyta) at different conditions of light, salinity and temperature.
Mutalipassi M
,
Mazzella V
,
Romano G
,
Ruocco N
,
Costantini M
,
Glaviano F
,
Zupo V
.
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Cyanobacteria may live in the water column and in the benthos of aquatic environments, or be symbionts of other organisms, as in the case of Phormidium-like cyanobacteria, known to influence the ecology of freshwater and marine ecosystems. A strain of Phormidium-like cyanobacteria has been recently isolated as a free-living epiphyte of leaves of Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile in the Mediterranean sea and its biology and ecology are herein investigated. It was identified as Halomicronema metazoicum, previously known uniquely as a symbiont of marine sponges. We cultivated it in a range of light irradiances, temperatures and salinities, to establish the most suitable conditions for the production of allelopathic and toxic compounds. The bioactivity of its spent culture medium was measured by means of standard toxicity tests performed on two model organisms. Our results indicate that at least two bioactive compounds are produced, at low and high irradiance levels and at two temperatures. The main compounds influencing the survival of model organisms are produced at the highest temperature and high or intermediate irradiance levels. The present research contributes to the understanding of critical toxigenic relationships among cyanobacteria and invertebrates, possibly influencing the ecology of such a complex environment as P. oceanica Future isolation, identification and production of bioactive compounds will permit their exploitation for biotechnologies in the field of ecological conservation and medical applications.
Fig. 1. Scanning Electron Microphoto of a sample of cyanobacteria showing a dense matte of non-heterocystous thin filaments. Some small vesicles of amorphous exudates are present on their surface.
Fig. 2. Survival rates of B.plicatilis recorded after 24 h of exposure to three concentrations of the spent culture medium of H.metazoicum, cultivated at three temperatures, three irradiance levels and three salinities.
Fig. 3. Rates of first divisions of embryos of P.lividus recorded after 1 h of exposure to three concentrations of the spent culture medium of H.metazoicum, cultivated at three temperatures, three irradiance levels and three salinities.
Fig. 4. Rates of gastrulation of embryos of P.lividus recorded after 8 h of exposure to three concentrations of the spent culture medium of H.metazoicum, cultivated at three temperatures, three irradiance levels and three salinities.
Fig. 5. Rates of production of normal plutei of P.lividus recorded after 48 h of exposure to three concentrations of the spent culture medium of H.metazoicum, cultivated at three temperatures, three irradiance levels and three salinities.
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