Click
here to close Hello! We notice that
you are using Internet Explorer, which is not supported by Echinobase
and may cause the site to display incorrectly. We suggest using a
current version of Chrome,
FireFox,
or Safari.
Mar Drugs
2019 Jan 14;171:. doi: 10.3390/md17010055.
Show Gene links
Show Anatomy links
UVA and UVB Photoprotective Capabilities of Topical Formulations Containing Mycosporine-like Amino Acids (MAAs) through Different Biological Effective Protection Factors (BEPFs).
de la Coba F
,
Aguilera J
,
Korbee N
,
de Gálvez MV
,
Herrera-Ceballos E
,
Álvarez-Gómez F
,
Figueroa FL
.
???displayArticle.abstract???
The safety and stability of synthetic UV-filters and the procedures for evaluating the photoprotective capability of commercial sunscreens are under continuous review. The influence of pH and temperature stressors on the stability of certain Mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) isolated at high purity levels was examined. MAAs were highly stable at room temperature during 24 h at pH 4.5⁻8.5. At 50 °C, MAAs showed instability at pH 10.5 while at 85 °C, progressive disappearances were observed for MAAs through the studied pH range. In alkaline conditions, their degradation was much faster. Mycosporine-serinol and porphyra-334 (+shinorine) were the most stable MAAs under the conditions tested. They were included in four cosmetically stable topical sunscreens, of which the Sun Protection Factor (SPF) and other Biological Effective Protection Factors (BEPFs) were calculated. The formulation containing these MAAs showed similar SPF and UVB-BEPFs values as those of the reference sunscreen, composed of synthetic UV absorbing filters in similar percentages, while UVA-BEPFs values were slightly lower. Current in vitro data strongly suggest that MAAs, as natural and safe UV-absorbing and antioxidant compounds, have high potential for protection against the diverse harmful effects of solar UV radiation. In addition, novel complementary in vitro tests for evaluation of commercial sunscreens efficacy are proposed.
Figure 1. HPLC chromatograms of MAAs extracts after the Dowex chromatography purification process measured at the maximum absorption wavelength of the main MAA in each extract. The mobile phase was 1.5% aqueous methanol (v/v) plus 0.15% acetic acid (v/v) in water run isocratically at 0.5 mL min−1. Analyses were performed at 20 °C using a C8 chromatographic column.
Figure 2. Absorption spectra of MAAs extracts after 24 h of incubation in 50 mM phosphate buffer pH 4 (), 7.5 (), 8.5 () or 10.5 () at room temperature (25 °C). Initial absorbance (). (A) P-334 (+SH), (B) M-Ser (OH), (C) AS-330 (+PNE) and (D) SH.
Figure 3. Absorption spectra of MAAs extracts after 1.5 (), 3 (), 4.5 () and 6 () hours of incubation in 50 mM phosphate buffer at pH 10.5 and 50 °C. Initial absorbance (). (A) P-334 (+SH), (B) M-Ser (OH), (C) AS-330 (+PNE) and (D) SH.
Figure 4. UV relative absorption spectra of different sunscreens studied: P-334 (+SH) plus M-Ser (OH) () reference (OMC Y BMDM) (), P-334 (+SH) () and M-Ser (OH) ().
Figure 5. Normalized Action Spectra (290–400 nm) for different UVB and UVA mediated harmful biological effects used in this study: DNA Damage (), erythema (), photocarcinogenesis (NMSC) (), induction of systemic suppression of CHS (), photoisomerization of urocanic acid (), formation of singlet oxygen () and photoaging ().
Armeni,
Lack of in vitro protection by a common sunscreen ingredient on UVA-induced cytotoxicity in keratinocytes.
2004, Pubmed
Armeni,
Lack of in vitro protection by a common sunscreen ingredient on UVA-induced cytotoxicity in keratinocytes.
2004,
Pubmed
Balmer,
Occurrence of some organic UV filters in wastewater, in surface waters, and in fish from Swiss Lakes.
2005,
Pubmed
Bandaranayake,
Mycosporines: are they nature's sunscreens?
1998,
Pubmed
Barceló-Villalobos,
Production of Mycosporine-Like Amino Acids from Gracilaria vermiculophylla (Rhodophyta) Cultured Through One Year in an Integrated Multi-trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) System.
2017,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Bissett,
Wavelength dependence of histological, physical, and visible changes in chronically UV-irradiated hairless mouse skin.
1989,
Pubmed
Buser,
Occurrence of UV filters 4-methylbenzylidene camphor and octocrylene in fish from various Swiss rivers with inputs from wastewater treatment plants.
2006,
Pubmed
Cardozo,
Metabolites from algae with economical impact.
2007,
Pubmed
Chatelain,
Photostabilization of butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane (Avobenzone) and ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate by bis-ethylhexyloxyphenol methoxyphenyl triazine (Tinosorb S), a new UV broadband filter.
2001,
Pubmed
Chrapusta,
Mycosporine-Like Amino Acids: Potential Health and Beauty Ingredients.
2017,
Pubmed
Conde,
The photoprotector mechanism of mycosporine-like amino acids. Excited-state properties and photostability of porphyra-334 in aqueous solution.
2000,
Pubmed
Conde,
The deactivation pathways of the excited-states of the mycosporine-like amino acids shinorine and porphyra-334 in aqueous solution.
2004,
Pubmed
Damiani,
Nitroxide radicals protect DNA from damage when illuminated in vitro in the presence of dibenzoylmethane and a common sunscreen ingredient.
1999,
Pubmed
Danovaro,
Sunscreens cause coral bleaching by promoting viral infections.
2008,
Pubmed
De Fabo,
Mechanism of immune suppression by ultraviolet irradiation in vivo. I. Evidence for the existence of a unique photoreceptor in skin and its role in photoimmunology.
1983,
Pubmed
Diffey,
In vitro assessment of the broad-spectrum ultraviolet protection of sunscreen products.
2000,
Pubmed
Diffey,
A method for broad spectrum classification of sunscreens.
1994,
Pubmed
Dondi,
Interactions between different solar UVB/UVA filters contained in commercial suncreams and consequent loss of UV protection.
2006,
Pubmed
Fent,
Widespread occurrence of estrogenic UV-filters in aquatic ecosystems in Switzerland.
2010,
Pubmed
Fernandes,
Exploiting Mycosporines as Natural Molecular Sunscreens for the Fabrication of UV-Absorbing Green Materials.
2015,
Pubmed
Gago-Ferrero,
First determination of UV filters in marine mammals. Octocrylene levels in Franciscana dolphins.
2013,
Pubmed
Garoli,
Effectiveness of different substrate materials for in vitro sunscreen tests.
2009,
Pubmed
Gaspar,
Evaluation of the photostability of different UV filter combinations in a sunscreen.
2006,
Pubmed
Gaspar,
Evaluation of dermatological effects of cosmetic formulations containing Saccharomyces cerevisiae extract and vitamins.
2008,
Pubmed
González,
Topical or oral administration with an extract of Polypodium leucotomos prevents acute sunburn and psoralen-induced phototoxic reactions as well as depletion of Langerhans cells in human skin.
1997,
Pubmed
Greenspoon,
Allergic and photoallergic contact dermatitis: a 10-year experience.
2013,
Pubmed
Hanson,
Epidermal trans-urocanic acid and the UV-A-induced photoaging of the skin.
1998,
Pubmed
Johnson,
Cutaneous control of blood pressure.
2016,
Pubmed
Kaiser,
Ecotoxicological effect characterisation of widely used organic UV filters.
2012,
Pubmed
Kawakami,
Mangiferin and naringenin affect the photostability and phototoxicity of sunscreens containing avobenzone.
2015,
Pubmed
Kaye,
Efficiency of opaque photoprotective agents in the visible light range.
1991,
Pubmed
Krause,
Sunscreens: are they beneficial for health? An overview of endocrine disrupting properties of UV-filters.
2012,
Pubmed
Kullavanijaya,
Photoprotection.
2005,
Pubmed
Lawrence,
Mycosporine-Like Amino Acids for Skin Photoprotection.
2018,
Pubmed
Liebel,
Irradiation of skin with visible light induces reactive oxygen species and matrix-degrading enzymes.
2012,
Pubmed
Lim,
Current challenges in photoprotection.
2017,
Pubmed
Liu,
UVA irradiation of human skin vasodilates arterial vasculature and lowers blood pressure independently of nitric oxide synthase.
2014,
Pubmed
Matsumura,
Short-term and long-term cellular and molecular events following UV irradiation of skin: implications for molecular medicine.
2002,
Pubmed
Matsuyama,
pH-Independent Charge Resonance Mechanism for UV Protective Functions of Shinorine and Related Mycosporine-like Amino Acids.
2015,
Pubmed
McLoone,
An action spectrum for the production of cis-urocanic acid in human skin in vivo.
2005,
Pubmed
Misonou,
UV-absorbing substance in the red alga Porphyra yezoensis (Bangiales, Rhodophyta) block thymine photodimer production.
2003,
Pubmed
Morabito,
Review of sunscreen and the emergence of non-conventional absorbers and their applications in ultraviolet protection.
2011,
Pubmed
Morliere,
Action spectrum for UV-induced lipid peroxidation in cultured human skin fibroblasts.
1995,
Pubmed
Nazifi,
Characterization of the chemical diversity of glycosylated mycosporine-like amino acids in the terrestrial cyanobacterium Nostoc commune.
2015,
Pubmed
Pan,
Adverse effects of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on human dermal fibroblasts and how to protect cells.
2009,
Pubmed
Pathak,
Sunscreens: progress and perspectives on photoprotection of human skin against UVB and UVA radiation.
1996,
Pubmed
Premi,
Photochemistry. Chemiexcitation of melanin derivatives induces DNA photoproducts long after UV exposure.
2015,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Randhawa,
Visible Light Induces Melanogenesis in Human Skin through a Photoadaptive Response.
2015,
Pubmed
Rastogi,
UV radiation-induced accumulation of photoprotective compounds in the green alga Tetraspora sp. CU2551.
2013,
Pubmed
Rastogi,
Characterization of UV-screening compounds, mycosporine-like amino acids, and scytonemin in the cyanobacterium Lyngbya sp. CU2555.
2014,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Ryu,
Protective effect of porphyra-334 on UVA-induced photoaging in human skin fibroblasts.
2014,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Sarveiya,
Liquid chromatographic assay for common sunscreen agents: application to in vivo assessment of skin penetration and systemic absorption in human volunteers.
2004,
Pubmed
Schauder,
Contact and photocontact sensitivity to sunscreens. Review of a 15-year experience and of the literature.
1997,
Pubmed
Schroeder,
Infrared radiation-induced matrix metalloproteinase in human skin: implications for protection.
2008,
Pubmed
Setlow,
The wavelengths in sunlight effective in producing skin cancer: a theoretical analysis.
1974,
Pubmed
Sklar,
Effects of ultraviolet radiation, visible light, and infrared radiation on erythema and pigmentation: a review.
2013,
Pubmed
Suh,
Anti-inflammation activities of mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) in response to UV radiation suggest potential anti-skin aging activity.
2014,
Pubmed
Sánchez-Quiles,
Sunscreens as a source of hydrogen peroxide production in coastal waters.
2014,
Pubmed
Torres,
Porphyra-334, a potential natural source for UVA protective sunscreens.
2006,
Pubmed
Wada,
Mycosporine-Like Amino Acids and Their Derivatives as Natural Antioxidants.
2015,
Pubmed
Wei,
Isoflavone genistein: photoprotection and clinical implications in dermatology.
2003,
Pubmed
Young,
Acute effects of UVR on human eyes and skin.
2006,
Pubmed
Zenker,
Simultaneous trace determination of nine organic UV-absorbing compounds (UV filters) in environmental samples.
2008,
Pubmed
de Gruijl,
Estimate of the wavelength dependency of ultraviolet carcinogenesis in humans and its relevance to the risk assessment of a stratospheric ozone depletion.
1994,
Pubmed
de la Coba,
Prevention of the ultraviolet effects on clinical and histopathological changes, as well as the heat shock protein-70 expression in mouse skin by topical application of algal UV-absorbing compounds.
2009,
Pubmed