Torquato HF et al. (2017), Anti-Cancer Phytometabolites Targeting Cancer S...

ECB-ART-45395

Curr Genomics 2017 Apr 01;182:156-174. doi: 10.2174/1389202917666160803162309.

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Anti-Cancer Phytometabolites Targeting Cancer Stem Cells.

Torquato HF , Goettert MI , Justo GZ , Paredes-Gamero EJ .

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Medicinal plants are a plentiful source of bioactive molecules with much structural diversity. In cancer treatment, molecules obtained from plants represent an attractive alternative to other treatments because several plant-derived compounds have exhibited lower toxicity and higher selectivity against cancer cells. In this review, we focus on the possible application of bioactive molecules obtained from plants against more primitive cell populations in cancers, cancer stem cells. Cancer stem cells are present in several kinds of tumors and are responsible for recurrences and metastases. Common anti-cancer drugs exhibit lower effectiveness against cancer stem cells because of their biological features. However, recently discovered natural phytometabolites exert cytotoxic effects on this rare population of cells in cancers. Therefore, this review presents the latest research on promising compounds from plants that can act as antitumor drugs and that mainly affect stem cell populations in cancers.

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Genes referenced: abcb6 apc creb1 gsk3a LOC115919910 LOC115921693 LOC115923729 LOC115927224 LOC576611 LOC577224 LOC578305 LOC584189 LOC590297 LOC594353 tle2

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	Fig. (1). (a) Schematic illustration of CSCs sensitivity to therapy. (b) Properties of CSCs.
	Fig. (2). (a) ABC transporters have two transmembrane domains (TMD) and two ATP-binding domains (nucleotide-binding folds NBF). ABC transporters efflux substrates using the power provided by ATP hydrolysis. (b) Schematic illustration of a side population. Side populations are localized off to the side of the main population of cells.
	Fig. (3). (a) “Off State”. In the absence of Wnt signals, β-catenin is captured by a degradation complex containing Gsk3 (glycogen synthase kinase 3), Axin/Conductin, CK1 (casein kinase 1) and APC (adenomatous polyposis coli) where it is first phosphorylated and then ubiquitinated on N-terminal sequences by β-TrCP (β-transducin repeat-containing protein). β-catenin is subsequently targeted for proteasomal degradation. In the nucleus, the transcriptional inhibitor TLE (human homolog of Drosophila Groucho) binds to LEF/TCF (lymphoid enhancer factor/T-cell factor) and inhibits transcription. (b) “On State”. Wnts bind to and activate FZD (Frizzled) and LRP (LDL-related receptor protein) receptors on target cells. LRP5/LRP6 are phosphorylated by CK1 and Gsk3, and DVL (Dishevelled) molecules are recruited to the plasma membrane to interact with FZD. The interaction of Axin with phosphorylated LRP5/6 and DVL leads to the inactivation of the degradation complex and the accumulation of β-catenin, which translocates to the nucleus. In the nucleus, β-catenin forms a transcriptionally active complex with LEF and TCF by displacing Groucho and interacts with co-activators such as BCL9 (B-cell lymphoma 9), Pygo (Pygopus), CBP (CREB-binding protein) and MLL (mixed-lineage leukemia).
	Fig. (4). Notch signaling pathway. Notch receptors are synthesized as precursor proteins that are cleaved during transport to the cell surface where they are expressed as heterodimers. Following the binding of the ligand, placed in the surface of a neighboring cell, Notch is activated by two consecutive proteolytic cleavages that release its intracellular domain (NICD). The first proteolytic cleavage is mediated by the metalloprotease TACE, which cleaves the receptor on the extracellular side near the transmembrane domain. The second cleavage occurs within the transmembrane domain and is mediated by γ-secretase activity. This final cleavage liberates the NICD, which subsequently translocates to the nucleus where it binds to the transcription factor CBF1. This interaction converts CBF1 from a transcriptional repressor into a transcriptional activator by displacing nuclear co-repressor proteins (CoR) and by recruiting nuclear co-activator proteins (CoA).

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