Foo SA et al. (2014), Increased temperature, but not acidification, e...

ECB-ART-43787

Evol Appl 2014 Dec 01;710:1226-37. doi: 10.1111/eva.12218.

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Increased temperature, but not acidification, enhances fertilization and development in a tropical urchin: potential for adaptation to a tropicalized eastern Australia.

Foo SA , Dworjanyn SA , Khatkar MS , Poore AG , Byrne M .

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To predict the effects of global change on marine populations, it is important to measure the effects of climate stressors on performance and potential for adaptation. Adaptation depends on heritable genetic variance for stress tolerance being present in populations. We determined the effects of near-future ocean conditions on fertilization success of the sea urchin Pseudoboletia indiana. In 16 multiple dam-sire crosses, we quantified genetic variation in tolerance of warming (+3°C) and acidification (-0.3 to 0.5 pH units) at the gastrulation stage. Ocean acidification decreased fertilization across all dam-sire combinations with effects of pH significantly differing among the pairings. Decreased pH reduced the percentage of normal gastrulae with negative effects alleviated by increased temperature. Significant sire by environment interactions indicated the presence of heritable variation in tolerance of stressors at gastrulation and thus the potential for selection of resistant genotypes, which may enhance population persistence. A low genetic correlation indicated that genotypes that performed well at gastrulation in low pH did not necessarily perform well at higher temperatures. Furthermore, performance at fertilization was not necessarily a good predictor of performance at the later stage of gastrulation. Southern range edge populations of Pseudoboletia indiana may benefit from future warming with potential for extension of their distribution in south-east Australia.

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Genes referenced: LOC100887844 LOC100893907

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References [+] :

Bonduriansky, The implications of nongenetic inheritance for evolution in changing environments. 2012, Pubmed

	Figure 1. The difference in fertilization success with respect to the control treatment (22°C, pH 8.1) in 16 different male–female pairs across five experimental treatments. Mean fertilization success per genotype is displayed for the different pH levels across the control temperature (A) and increased temperature (B). Symbols above the line display higher fertilization success than the control, while fertilization success was lower than the control for those symbols below the line. Pairs are ranked from the best to the worst performing from left to right.
	Figure 2. Reaction norms showing the responses of the progeny of eight male genotypes to increased temperature and reduced pH. The reaction norms show the percentage of normal gastrulae in experimental temperatures pooled for pH (A) and in experimental pH levels pooled for temperature (B). Lines represent the mean percentage of paternal half-siblings with standard errors indicated (n = 8).
	Figure 3. Scatter plots of the relationship between pair performance at fertilization (y-axis) and at gastrulation (x-axis). Each point represents the mean performance of an individual pair in each treatment across both stages. A positive relationship was evident for the control pH/control temp (R2 = 0.81, P = 0.000002), pH 7.8/+3°C (R2 = 0.51, P = 0.002) and pH 7.6/+3°C treatments (R2 = 0.66, P = 0.0001).