ECB-ART-42595
Curr Genomics
2012 Apr 01;132:134-43. doi: 10.2174/138920212799860643.
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Current Status of Echinoderm Genome Analysis - What do we Know?
Kondo M
,
Akasaka K
.
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Echinoderms have long served as model organisms for a variety of biological research, especially in the field of developmental biology. Although the genome of the purple sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus has been sequenced, it is the only echinoderm whose whole genome sequence has been reported. Nevertheless, data is rapidly accumulating on the chromosomes and genomic sequences of all five classes of echinoderms, including the mitochondrial genomes and Hox genes. This blossoming new data will be essential for estimating the phylogenetic relationships among echinoderms, and also to examine the underlying mechanisms by which the diverse morphologies of echinoderms have arisen.
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Genes referenced: LOC100887844
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Fig. (1). Phylogenetic relationships among animals (A) and echinoderms (B). (A) Echinoderms (phylum Echinodermata) are placed in the group of deuterostomes, with other species of the phyla Chordata (vertebrates, tunicates etc.) and Hemichordata. Not all phyla are included in this tree. Placozoa, Porifera, Cnidaria and Ctenophora are more basal in animals, although their phylogenetical positions are under debate. (B) The evolutionary tree based on fossil records, reconstructed from [12]. Extant echinoderms species from each class are shown as examples: from top to bottom, Oxycomanthus japonicus (Crinoidea), Astropecten scoparius (Asteroidea), Ophiothrix nereidina (Ophiuroidea), Temnopleurus reevesii (Echinoidea), and Pentacta australis armatus (Holothuroidea). |
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Fig. (2). Phylogenetic relationships among echinoderms. Three trees (A-C) of echinoderm classes were deduced from morphological and/or molecular data [14]. The position of Crinoidea being most basal is supported, but topologies are not conclusive, as tree (C) is not supported by morphological data, and the position of Ophiuroidea is still debated. Abbreviations: A, Asteroidea, C, Crinoidea, E, Echinoidea, H, Holothuroidea, O, Ophiuroidea. |
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Fig. (3). Gene order and positions of Hox genes in sea urchin (S. purpuratus) and human Hox clusters. The positions of the homeobox-coding exons are shown as boxes. The direction of transcription of S. purpuratus Hox genes are indicated above the boxes. All human Hox genes are transcribed in the direction from right to left. There are four Hox clusters (Hox A, B, C and D) in human. Note the difference in cluster sizes; S. purpuratus Hox genes are located in a region of ~600 kb, whereas most of the human Hox genes are included within ~100 kb. |
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