Click
here to close Hello! We notice that
you are using Internet Explorer, which is not supported by Echinobase
and may cause the site to display incorrectly. We suggest using a
current version of Chrome,
FireFox,
or Safari.
???displayArticle.abstract???
The actin gene family of the sea urchin Lytechinus pictus includes a single muscle actin gene, LpM, and four cytoskeletal actin genes: LpC1, LpC2, LpC3, and LpC4. The origin and relationship of these actin genes to members of the actin gene family of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus were considered. Comparison of deduced amino acid sequences suggested a close relationship between LpC1 and the CyI-CyII subfamily of S. purpuratus actin genes, and between LpC2 and the CyIII subfamily of S. purpuratus actin genes; the muscle actin genes were orthologous. It is proposed that two divergent cytoskeletal actin genes of the common ancestral sea urchin gave rise by duplication to the extant cytoskeletal actin genes of these species, some of which have changed 3'' noncoding sequences while others have maintained a terminus highly conserved among sea urchin actin genes.
Akhurst,
Structure and organization of the CyIII actin gene subfamily of the sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus.
1987, Pubmed,
Echinobase
Akhurst,
Structure and organization of the CyIII actin gene subfamily of the sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus.
1987,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Beach,
Multiple actin genes encoding the same alpha-muscle isoform are expressed during ascidian development.
1992,
Pubmed
Benson,
GenBank.
1993,
Pubmed
Britten,
Forbidden synonymous substitutions in coding regions.
1993,
Pubmed
Bullock,
The timing of expression of four actin genes and an RNA polymerase III-transcribed repeated sequence is correct in hybrid embryos of the sea urchin species Strongylocentrotus purpuratus and Lytechinus pictus.
1988,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Cabot,
Simultaneous editing of multiple nucleic acid and protein sequences with ESEE.
1989,
Pubmed
Collins,
The primary structure of actin from rabbit skeletal muscle. Completion and analysis of the amino acid sequence.
1975,
Pubmed
Cooper,
Complete nucleotide sequence of a sea urchin actin gene.
1982,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Cox,
Cell lineage-specific programs of expression of multiple actin genes during sea urchin embryogenesis.
1986,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Crain,
The sequence of a sea urchin muscle actin gene suggests a gene conversion with a cytoskeletal actin gene.
1987,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Crain,
Actin gene expression in developing sea urchin embryos.
1981,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
DePonti-Zilli,
A 40-base-pair sequence in the 3' end of the beta-actin gene regulates beta-actin mRNA transcription during myogenesis.
1988,
Pubmed
Durica,
Organization of actin gene sequences in the sea urchin: molecular cloning of an intron-containing DNA sequence coding for a cytoplasmic actin.
1980,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Durica,
DNA sequence analysis and structural relationships among the cytoskeletal actin genes of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus.
1989,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Erba,
Nucleotide sequence of the human gamma cytoskeletal actin mRNA: anomalous evolution of vertebrate non-muscle actin genes.
1986,
Pubmed
Erba,
Structure, chromosome location, and expression of the human gamma-actin gene: differential evolution, location, and expression of the cytoskeletal beta- and gamma-actin genes.
1988,
Pubmed
Flytzanis,
Expression and structure of the CyIIIb actin gene of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus.
1989,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Foran,
Evolution of two actin genes in the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus franciscanus.
1985,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Franks,
Direct introduction of cloned DNA into the sea urchin zygote nucleus, and fate of injected DNA.
1988,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Garcia,
Three sea urchin actin genes show different patterns of expression: muscle specific, embryo specific, and constitutive.
1984,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Hightower,
The molecular evolution of actin.
1986,
Pubmed
Hough-Evans,
Correct cell-type-specific expression of a fusion gene injected into sea urchin eggs.
1987,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Johnson,
Organization and evolution of the actin gene family in sea urchins.
1983,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Kovilur,
Evolution of the chordate muscle actin gene.
1993,
Pubmed
Kowbel,
The genomic nucleotide sequences of two differentially expressed actin-coding genes from the sea star Pisaster ochraceus.
1989,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Lee,
Sea urchin actin gene subtypes. Gene number, linkage and evolution.
1984,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Lee,
Activation of sea urchin actin genes during embryogenesis. Measurement of transcript accumulation from five different genes in Strongylocentrotus purpuratus.
1986,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Levinson,
Slipped-strand mispairing: a major mechanism for DNA sequence evolution.
1987,
Pubmed
Li,
A new method for estimating synonymous and nonsynonymous rates of nucleotide substitution considering the relative likelihood of nucleotide and codon changes.
1985,
Pubmed
Lloyd,
Noncoding regions of the gamma-actin gene influence the impact of the gene on myoblast morphology.
1993,
Pubmed
Lu,
Partial amino acid sequence of brain actin and its homology with muscle actin.
1977,
Pubmed
Minor,
Sea urchin actin gene linkages determined by genetic segregation.
1987,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Mounier,
Insect muscle actins differ distinctly from invertebrate and vertebrate cytoplasmic actins.
1992,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Ng,
Evolution of the functional human beta-actin gene and its multi-pseudogene family: conservation of noncoding regions and chromosomal dispersion of pseudogenes.
1985,
Pubmed
Niemeyer,
Upstream elements involved in the embryonic regulation of the sea urchin CyIIIb actin gene: temporal and spatial specific interactions at a single cis-acting element.
1993,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Nisson,
Three Strongylocentrotus purpuratus actin genes show correct cell-specific expression in hybrid embryos of S. purpuratus and Lytechinus pictus.
1989,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Saitou,
The neighbor-joining method: a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees.
1987,
Pubmed
Scheller,
Organization and expression of multiple actin genes in the sea urchin.
1981,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Schuler,
DNA sequence of two linked actin genes of sea urchin.
1983,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Shott,
Differential expression of the actin gene family of Strongylocentrotus purpuratus.
1984,
Pubmed
,
Echinobase
Vandekerckhove,
Chordate muscle actins differ distinctly from invertebrate muscle actins. The evolution of the different vertebrate muscle actins.
1984,
Pubmed
Yaffe,
Highly conserved sequences in the 3' untranslated region of mRNAs coding for homologous proteins in distantly related species.
1985,
Pubmed
