J Androl 1989 Jan 01;102:99-107. doi: 10.1002/j.1939-4640.1989.tb00068.x.

Molecular basis of signalling in the spermatozoon.

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The spermatozoon contains cell surface receptors for various egg-associated molecules, one of which has now been identified as the enzyme guanylate cyclase. A single membrane-spanning region divides the enzyme such that about one-half is extracellular and one-half is intracellular. A new paradigm for signal/transduction is established by these observations, in that a hormone or effector molecule binding to an extracellular site activates the catalytic domain of the same protein, resulting in the increased formation of a low molecular weight second messenger. Research on signalling mechanisms in the spermatozoon clearly apply to a diversity of cellular processes as well as to fertilization.

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Genes referenced: LOC115919910 LOC576733