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Nanomaterials (Basel)
2022 Nov 14;1222:. doi: 10.3390/nano12224003.
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The Toxicity of Coated Silver Nanoparticles and Their Stabilizers towards Paracentrotus lividus Sea Urchin Embryos.
Abramenko N
,
Semenova M
,
Khina A
,
Zherebin P
,
Krutyakov Y
,
Krysanov E
,
Kustov L
.
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Surface modification of nanoparticles with different stabilizers is one of the most widely used methods to improve their stability and applicability. Silver nanoparticle (AgNPs) dispersions with biologically active stabilizers have great potential as plant protection products with synergetic antimicrobial properties and sufficient stability in terms of field application. The obtained AgNPs dispersions have the ability to enhance growth, increase yield and give better protection to various crops. At the same time, it is important to determine the fate, stability, and ecotoxicity of the applied nanosized products. The toxic effects of AgNPs dispersions and their constituents, organic stabilizers and additives, were evaluated using a phenotypic sea urchin embryo assay. Certain AgNPs dispersions with organic stabilizers demonstrated sufficient stability, even in seawater. The toxicity of the AgNPs decreased with the increasing tendency to agglomerate in seawater. Furthermore, the applied stabilizers were hazardous towards sea urchin embryos. They caused pronounced embryo abnormalities at 0.25-2.6 mg/L concentrations. AgNPs exhibited a lethal effect at concentrations that were equal to the MLC or exceeded the MEC of their stabilizers. Silver ions were more toxic towards sea urchin embryos than AgNPs.
Figure 1. Typical XPS spectra for the Ag/PHMB sample (a) C 1s, (b) Ag 3d, and (c) N 1s photoelectron spectra (counts per second, cps vs. binding energy, B.E.).
Figure 2. Typical electron microphotographs and X-ray diffraction patterns of (a) Ag/PHMB; (b) Ag/STAPCG; (c) Ag/SLES nanoparticles. Microphotographs and diffractograms of other nanoparticles were similar.
Figure 3. Examples of UV-vis spectra for stable (Ag/STAPCG) and unstable (Ag/PHMB) AgNPs diluted in distilled water and seawater (10–15 mg/L).
Figure 4. Typical effects of AgNPs and stabilizers on sea urchin embryos, as exemplified by Ag/AMA (B,E) and AMA (C). Control: (A) intact blastula, 5.5 h post-fertilization; (D) intact pluteus, 34 h post-fertilization. (B) Cleavage disorder caused by Ag/AMA at 1.0/8.0 mg/L exposed to fertilized eggs, 5.5 h post-fertilization. The subsequent embryo death was observed. (C) Viable motile retarded plutei (34 h post-fertilization) formed after hatching blastulae treatment by AMA at 4 mg/L, 25 h of exposure, 34 h post-fertilization. (E) Viable motile small-size early plutei without skeletal spiculae or with thin short spiculae formed after hatching blastulae treatment by Ag/AMA at 0.25/2 mg/L, 25 h of exposure, 34 h post-fertilization. The embryos in C–E were immobilized with 5-[(6,7-dimethoxy-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)methyl]-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4,5-hydroisoxazole at a concentration of 2 μM for 20 min [19]. Incubation temperature: 23 °C. Scale bars: 100 µm.
Figure 5. Effects of AgNPs on sea urchin P. lividus and zebrafish Danio rerio embryos. Sea urchin embryos were exposed to AgNPs at the fertilized egg (FE) stage. NOEC: maximal no observed effect concentration (****—statistically significant; ns—statistically not significant).
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