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PLoS One
2021 Jan 01;1611:e0259595. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259595.
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High levels of connectivity over large distances in the diadematid sea urchin Centrostephanus sylviae.
Veliz D
,
Rojas-Hernández N
,
Fibla P
,
Dewitte B
,
Cornejo-Guzmán S
,
Parada C
.
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Most benthic marine invertebrates with sedentary benthic adult phases have planktonic larvae that permit connectivity between geographically isolated populations. Planktonic larval duration and oceanographic processes are vital to connecting populations of species inhabiting remote and distant islands. In the present study, we analyzed the population genetic structure of the sea urchin Centrostephanus sylviae, which inhabits only the Juan Fernández Archipelago and the Desventuradas islands, separated by more than 800 km. For 92 individuals collected from Robinson Crusoe and Selkirk Islands (Juan Fernández Archipelago) and San Ambrosio Island (Desventuradas Islands), 7,067 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were obtained. The results did not show a spatial genetic structure for C. sylviae; relative high migration rates were revealed between the islands. An analysis of the water circulation pattern in the area described a predominant northward water flow with periods of inverted flow, suggesting that larvae could move in both directions. Overall, this evidence suggests that C. sylviae comprises a single large population composed of individuals separated by more than 800 km.
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34735545
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Fig 1. Sampling sites of Centrostephanus sylviae in the Juan Fernández Archipelago and Desventuradas Island.Red points represent the sampling areas on each island: Robinson Crusoe (33°36â²S, 78°48â²W), Alejandro Selkirk (33°48â²S, 80°40â²W) and San Ambrosio (26°20â²S, 79°53â²W). Maps drawn using library maps [22] and mapdata [23] implemented in R software [24].
Fig 2. Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) performed with sea urchin C. sylviae data obtained from Robinson Island (ROB), San Ambrosio Island (SAM), and Selkirk Island (SK).
Fig 3. Population structure of the sea urchin C. sylviae inferred using the software STRUCTURE for K = 1 to K = 4 of 89 individuals from the three studied islands.A vertical line represents each individual, and each color represents the probability of belonging to one of the genetic clusters. ROB = Robinson Island, SAM = San Ambrosio Island, and SK = Selkirk Island.
Fig 4. Migration network for the sampling sites of C. sylviae on Robinson Island (ROB), Selkirk Island (SK), and Sam Ambrosio Island (SAM).This figure was generated with the divMigrate function implemented in diveRsity (Keenan et al., 2013 [32]). Each vertex represents a sampling site, and each arrow represents the magnitude and direction of the relative migration.
Fig 5. Seasonal (JFM, summer; AMJ, fall; JAS, winter; OND, spring) meridional (positive, northward; negative, southward) velocities averaged over the first 100 m between Juan Fernandez Archipelago and the Desventuradas Islands, 25.5â35°S and 81.5â78°W.Data was obtained with Copernicus model products freely distributed by CMEMS (http://marine.copernicus.eu/).
Fig 6. Seasonal (JFM, summer; AMJ, fall; JAS, winter; OND, spring) longitudinal (positive, westward; negative, eastward) velocities averaged over the first 100 m in the Juan Fernandez Archipelago and the Desventuradas Islands, 25.5â35°S and 81.5â78°W.Data was obtained with Copernicus model products freely distributed by CMEMS (http://marine.copernicus.eu/).
Fig 7. a) Monthly meridional mean velocity (blue line, mean 0â100 m; red line, mean 100â1000 m) time series for the region 25.5â35°S and 81.5â78°W (positive, northward; negative, southward) explaining connectivity between Juan Fernandez Archilepago (JFA) and Desventuradas Islands (DA); b) Monthly longitudinal mean velocity (blue line, mean 0â100 m; red line, mean 100â1000 m) time series (positive, eastward; negative, westward) explaining connectivity between Robinson and Selkirk islands. Data was obtained with Copernicus model products freely distributed by CMEMS (http://marine.copernicus.eu/).
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