Hu F et al. (2021), Effects of eliminating interactions in multi-la...

ECB-ART-49061

Sci Rep 2021 Jul 23;111:15116. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-94546-1.

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Effects of eliminating interactions in multi-layer culture on survival, food utilization and growth of small sea urchins Strongylocentrotus intermedius at high temperatures.

Hu F , Chi X , Yang M , Ding P , Yin D , Ding J , Huang X , Luo J , Chang Y , Zhao C .

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Poor growth and disease transmission of small sea urchins Strongylocentrotus intermedius in summer greatly hamper the production efficiency of the longline culture. Reducing the adverse effects of high stocking density while maintaining high biomass is essential to address these problems. Here, we conducted a laboratory experiment to simulate the multi-layer culture for sea urchins at ambient high temperatures (from 22.2 to 24.5 °C) in summer for ~ 7 weeks. Survival, body size, lantern growth, gut weight, food consumption, Aristotle's lantern reflex, 5-hydroxytryptamine concentration, pepsin activity and gut morphology were subsequently evaluated. The present study found that multi-layer culture led to significantly larger body size than those without multi-layer culture (the control group). This was probably because of the greater feeding capacity (indicated by lantern growth and Aristotle's lantern reflex) and food digestion (indicated by morphology and pepsin activity of gut) in the multi-layer cultured sea urchins. These results indicate that multi-layer is an effective approach to improving the growth efficiency of sea urchins at high temperatures. We assessed whether eliminating interaction further improve these commercially important traits of sea urchins in multi-layer culture. This study found that eliminating interactions displayed greater body size and Aristotle's lantern reflex than those not separated in the multi-layer culture. This approach also significantly reduced the morbidity compared with the control group. These novel findings indicate that eliminating interactions in multi-layer culture greatly contributes to the growth and disease prevention of sea urchins at high temperatures. The present study establishes a new technique for the longline culture of sea urchins in summer and provides valuable information into the longline culture management of other commercially important species (e.g. scallops, abalones and oysters).

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Anstey, Serotonin mediates behavioral gregarization underlying swarm formation in desert locusts. 2009, Pubmed

	Figure 1. Mortality (a) and morbidity (b) and rearing space (c) of Strongylocentrotus intermedius of the experimental groups during the experiment (meanâÂ±âSD, Nâ=â8). Letters above the bars represent significance in each week (Pâ<â0.05).
	Figure 2. Food consumption (g dry weight) of Strongylocentrotus intermedius of the experimental groups in 7Â weeks (meanâÂ±âSD, Nâ=â8). Letters above the bars represent significance in each week (Pâ<â0.05).
	Figure 3. Test diameter (a) and wet body weight (b) of Strongylocentrotus intermedius of the experimental groups in 7Â weeks (meanâÂ±âSD) (Nâ=â8). Letters above the bars represent significance in each week (Pâ<â0.05).
	Figure 4. Lantern length (a), wet lantern weight (b) and wet gut weight (c) of Strongylocentrotus intermedius of the experimental groups in week 4 and week 7 (meanâÂ±âSD, Nâ=â8). Letters above the bars represent significance in each week (Pâ<â0.05).
	Figure 5. Aristotleâs lantern reflex (a), the concentration of 5-hydroxytryptamine (b) and pepsin activity (c) of Strongylocentrotus intermedius of the experimental groups in week 4 and week 7 (meanâÂ±âSD, Nâ=â8). Letters above the bars represent significance in each week (Pâ<â0.05).
	Figure 6. Gut morphology in Strongylocentrotus intermedius of the experimental groups in week 4 and week 7. The red circles represent areas for further amplification. Arrows indicate plicae circulars. Stars indicate the hollowing inner structure.
	Figure 7. Diagrams of the experimental cages used for the groups A (a), B (b) and C (c), the sea urchin with the spotting disease (d) and without the disease (e) and the devices used for measuring the Aristotle's lantern reflex (f).