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Mar Drugs
2022 Aug 24;209:. doi: 10.3390/md20090543.
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Would Antarctic Marine Benthos Survive Alien Species Invasions? What Chemical Ecology May Tell Us.
Avila C
,
Buñuel X
,
Carmona F
,
Cotado A
,
Sacristán-Soriano O
,
Angulo-Preckler C
.
Abstract
Many Antarctic marine benthic macroinvertebrates are chemically protected against predation by marine natural products of different types. Antarctic potential predators mostly include sea stars (macropredators) and amphipod crustaceans (micropredators) living in the same areas (sympatric). Recently, alien species (allopatric) have been reported to reach the Antarctic coasts, while deep-water crabs are suggested to be more often present in shallower waters. We decided to investigate the effect of the chemical defenses of 29 representative Antarctic marine benthic macroinvertebrates from seven different phyla against predation by using non-native allopatric generalist predators as a proxy for potential alien species. The Antarctic species tested included 14 Porifera, two Cnidaria, two Annelida, one Nemertea, two Bryozooa, three Echinodermata, and five Chordata (Tunicata). Most of these Antarctic marine benthic macroinvertebrates were chemically protected against an allopatric generalist amphipod but not against an allopatric generalist crab from temperate waters. Therefore, both a possible recolonization of large crabs from deep waters or an invasion of non-native generalist crab species could potentially alter the fundamental nature of these communities forever since chemical defenses would not be effective against them. This, together with the increasing temperatures that elevate the probability of alien species surviving, is a huge threat to Antarctic marine benthos.
Figure 1. Micropredation results for Antarctic marine invertebrate lipophilic extracts against Mediterranean amphipods (Fam. Lysianassidae). *: statistically significant differences with respect to the control (p < 0.05) using the Wilcoxon test. Control boxes are shown in gray; extract lipophilic fractions in orange. Ca; Clathria sp. Ma; Mycale acerata. Da: Dendrilla antarctica. Kv; Kirkpatrickia variolosa. Is; Isodictya sp. Ac; Axinella crinita. Ha; Haliclona sp. Ha1; Haliclona sp1. Ha2; Haliclona sp2. Hy; Hydroidea sp. Ah; Alcyonium haddoni. Po; Harmothoe sp. Te; Terebellidae sp. Pc; Parborlasia corrugatus. Bl; Bugula longissima. Br; Cheilostomata sp. Ab; Abatus sp. Db; Diplasterias brucei. Ly; Lysasterias sp.
Figure 2. Micropredation results for Antarctic marine invertebrate hydrophilic extracts against Mediterranean amphipods (Fam. Lysianassidae). *: statistically significant differences with respect to the control (p < 0.05) using the Wilcoxon test. Control boxes are shown in gray; extract hydrophilic fractions in orange. Ca; Clathria sp. Ma; Mycale acerata. Da: Dendrilla antarctica. Kv; Kirkpatrickia variolosa. Is; Isodictya sp. Ac; Axinella crinita. Ha; Haliclona sp. Ha1; Haliclona sp1. Ha2; Haliclona sp2. Hy; Hydroidea sp. Ah; Alcyonium haddoni. Po; Polynoidae sp. Te; Terebellidae sp. Pc; Parborlasia corrugatus. Bl; Bugula longissima. Br; Cheilostomata sp. Ab; Abatus sp. Db; Diplasterias brucei. Ly; Lysasterias sp.
Figure 3. Macropredation results for Antarctic marine invertebrate extracts (sponges and tunicates) against the Mediterranean hermit crab Dardanus arrosor. *: statistically significant differences with respect to the control (p < 0.05) using the Exact Fisher test. Control results (%) are shown in black, lipophilic fractions in orange, and hydrophilic fractions in gray.
Figure 4. Chemical structures of marine natural products from some Antarctic macroinvertebrates. 1 Variolin A20,101–104; 2 Mycalol109; 3 Erebusinone111–114; 4 Membranolide115–123; 5 Alcyopterosin P42,126–129; 6 Tambjamine A20,146; and 7 Palmerolide A150.
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