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Sci Rep
2021 Jun 30;111:13605. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-92989-0.
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Ocean warming and acidification modify top-down and bottom-up control in a tropical seagrass ecosystem.
Listiawati V
,
Kurihara H
.
Abstract
Seagrass ecosystem is one of the most productive ecosystems in coastal waters providing numerous ecological functions and supporting a large biodiversity. However, various anthropogenic stressors including climate change are impacting these vulnerable habitats. Here, we investigated the independent and combined effects of ocean warming and ocean acidification on plant-herbivore interactions in a tropical seagrass community. Direct and indirect effects of high temperature and high pCO2 on the physiology of the tropical seagrass Thalassia hemprichii and sea urchin Tripneustes gratilla were evaluated. Productivity of seagrass was found to increase under high pCO2, while sea urchin physiology including feeding rate decreased particularly under high temperature. The present study indicated that future climate change will affect the bottom-up and top-down balance, which potentially can modify the ecosystem functions and services of tropical seagrass ecosystems.
Figure 1. Effect of high temperature (+ 3 °C than ambient) and high pCO2 (1000 µatm) on the plasctochrone interval and growth rate of seagrass Thalassia hemprichii. (a) leaf plastochrone interval (PL); and (b) leaf growth rate. Values represent mean ± SD. n = 6. Different letters indicate statistically significant differences among treatment (Tukey’s HSD post-hoc test).
Figure 2. Effect of high temperature (+ 3 °C than ambient) and high pCO2 (1000 µatm) on rapid light curves (RLC) of seagrass Thalassia hemprichii. Values represent mean ± SD. n = 6.
Figure 3. Effect of high temperature (+ 3 °C than ambient) and high pCO2 (1000 µatm) on the leaf C:N ratio of seagrass Thalassia hemprichii. Values represent mean ± SD. n = 6.
Figure 4. Effect of high temperature (+ 3 °C than ambient) and high pCO2 (1000 µatm) on feeding and fecal production rate of sea urchin Tripneustes gratilla. (a) Feeding rate and (b) fecal production rate of T. gratilla fed with experimental (black) and control (white) seagrass. Values represent mean ± SD. Ambient temperature and Control pCO2 (experimental seagrass: n = 10, control seagrass: n = 9), Ambient temperature and High pCO2 (experimental seagrass: n = 9, control leaves: n = 9), High temperature and Control pCO2 (experimental seagrass: n = 10, control seagrass: n = 8), High temperature and High pCO2 (experimental seagrass: n = 10, control seagrass: n = 8). Different letters indicate statistically significant differences among conditions (Tukey’s HSD post-hoc test).
Figure 5. Effect of high temperature (+ 3 °C than ambient) and high pCO2 (1000 µatm) on respiration and ammonium excretion rates of sea urchin Tripneustes gratilla. (a) Respiration rate and (b) ammonium (NH4+) excretion rate of T. gratilla fed with experimental (black) and control (white) seagrass. Values represent mean ± SD. Ambient temperature and Control pCO2 (experimental seagrass: n = 9, control seagrass: n = 9), Ambient temperature and High pCO2 (experimental seagrass: n = 9, control seagrass: n = 9), High temperature and Control pCO2 (experimental seagrass: n = 9, control seagrass: n = 8), High temperature and High pCO2 (experimental seagrass: n = 8, control seagrass: n = 8). Different letters indicate statistically significant among conditions (Tukey’s HSD post-hoc test).
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