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Sci Rep
2019 Jan 30;91:952. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-37255-6.
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Molecular mechanisms underpinning transgenerational plasticity in the green sea urchin Psammechinus miliaris.
Clark MS
,
Suckling CC
,
Cavallo A
,
Mackenzie CL
,
Thorne MAS
,
Davies AJ
,
Peck LS
.
Abstract
The pre-conditioning of adult marine invertebrates to altered conditions, such as low pH, can significantly impact offspring outcomes, a process which is often referred to as transgenerational plasticity (TGP). This study describes for the first time, the gene expression profiles associated with TGP in the green sea urchin Psammechinus miliaris and evaluates the transcriptional contribution to larval resilience. RNA-Seq was used to determine how the expression profiles of larvae spawned into low pH from pre-acclimated adults differed to those of larvae produced from adults cultured under ambient pH. The main findings demonstrated that adult conditioning to low pH critically pre-loads the embryonic transcriptional pool with antioxidants to prepare the larvae for the "new" conditions. In addition, the classic cellular stress response, measured via the production of heat shock proteins (the heat shock response (HSR)), was separately evaluated. None of the early stage larvae either spawned in low pH (produced from both ambient and pre-acclimated adults) or subjected to a separate heat shock experiment were able to activate the full HSR as measured in adults, but the capacity to mount an HSR increased as development proceeded. This compromised ability clearly contributes to the vulnerability of early stage larvae to acute environmental challenge.
Figure 1. Schematic diagrams of gene network analyses created in STRING for 3dpf larvae detailing putative protein-protein interactions. Protein functions are colour coded: green – signalling proteins and transcription factors; red – antioxidants and detoxification proteins; purple – transcriptional repressors; blue – varied. (a) Larvae produced from ambient acclimated adults. Gene names: notch1: neurogenic locus notch homolog protein 1; foxl2: Forkhead box L2; hdac5: Histone deacetylase 2; spdef: SAM pointed domain-containing Ets transcription factor; bcor: BCL6 corepressor. (b) Larvae produced from low pH acclimated adults. Gene names, as for (a) plus gpx7, gst01, gsta3, gstt1: members of the Glutathione transferase family; cyp3a4, cyp2, cyp11: members of the CypP450 family; abcc1: Multidrug resistance associated protein 1; crb3: Crumbs protein homolog (involved in morphogenesis); b3gnt1: N-acetyllactosaminide beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (transmembrane protein); bmp2: Bone morphogenetic protein; chrd: Chordin precursor; spen: Msx2-interacting protein; rag1: Recombination activating gene (DNA binding protein); rbm15b: RNA binding protein 15B (RNA binding).
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