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Molecules
2018 Oct 19;2310:. doi: 10.3390/molecules23102693.
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Evaluation of Alkaloids Isolated from Ruta graveolens as Photosynthesis Inhibitors.
Sampaio OM
,
Vieira LCC
,
Bellete BS
,
King-Diaz B
,
Lotina-Hennsen B
,
da Silva MFDGF
,
Veiga TAM
.
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Eight alkaloids (1⁻8) were isolated from Ruta graveolens, and their herbicide activities were evaluated through in vitro, semivivo, and in vivo assays. The most relevant results were observed for Compounds 5 and 6⁻8 at 150 μM, which decreased dry biomass by 20% and 23%, respectively. These are significant results since they presented similar values with the positive control, commercial herbicide 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (DCMU). Based on the performed assays, Compound 5 (graveoline) is classified as an electron-transport inhibitor during the light phase of photosynthesis, as well as a plant-growth regulator. On the other hand, Compounds 6⁻8 inhibited electron and energy transfers, and are also plant-growth inhibitors. These phytotoxic behaviors based on acridone and quinolone alkaloids may serve as a valuable tool in the further development of a new class of herbicides since natural products represent an interesting alternative to replace commercial herbicides, potentially due their low toxicity.
Figure 1. Alkaloids isolated from Ruta graveolens.
Figure 2. Effect of the alkaloids isolated from R. graveolens on electron flow. Control-rate values for electron transport from basal, phosphorylating, and uncoupled conditions were 450, 620, and 1200 µequiv e− h−1 mg−1 chlorophyll (Chl)−1, respectively. Panel (A): Compound 1; Panel (B): Compound 4; Panel (C): Compound 5; and Panel (D): Mixtures 6–8.
Figure 3. Radar plot of Compounds 5 and 6–8 effects on Chl a fluorescence parameters calculated from an OJIP transient curve. Panel (A) 150 μM, and Panel (B) 300 μM.
Figure 4. Panel (A) Appearance of the J-band in the presence of Compound 5 at 150 µM. Panel (B) Appearance of the J-band in the presence of Compounds 6–8 at 150 and 300 µM. Panel (C) Appearance of the I-band in the presence of 6–8 at 150 and 300 µM. Panel (D) Radar plot of Compounds 5 and 6–8 effects on Chl a fluorescence parameters calculated from OJIP curve of sprayed Lolium perenne plants after 72 h.
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