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Evodevo
2018 Jan 22;9:10. doi: 10.1186/s13227-018-0098-x.
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The role of retinoic acid signaling in starfish metamorphosis.
Yamakawa S
,
Morino Y
,
Honda M
,
Wada H
.
Abstract
Background: Although retinoic acid (RA) signaling plays a crucial role in the body patterning of chordates, its function in non-chordate invertebrates, other than its mediation of environmental cues triggering metamorphosis in cnidarians, is largely unknown. We investigated the role of RA signaling in the metamorphosis of starfish (Echinodermata).
Results: We found that exogenous RA treatment induced metamorphosis in starfish larvae. In contrast, inhibitors of RA synthesis and RA receptors suppressed metamorphosis triggered by attachment to a substrate. Gene expressions of the RA signaling component were detected in competent larvae.
Conclusions: This study provides insight into the ancestral function of RA signaling, which is conserved in the metamorphosis of cnidarians and starfish.
Fig. 1. Competent and metamorphosislarva of P. pectinifera.
a, b Ventral (a) and left side (b) view of competent 20-dpf larva. câe Metamorphosis larva in 24 h after settlement. c Larval ventral side of metamorphosislarva. d, e attend on aboral and oral side of juvenile rudiment, respectively. Dot lines indicate juvenilerudiment and asterisk marks do developed juvenile arms. Arrow heads point absorbed larval body and arrows do primary podia. Size of scale bar is  250 µm
Fig. 2. Duration until P. pectinifera became competent. a Schematic experiment sets without or with substrate (left and right, respectively). Without external substrate, larva did not settle and complete metamorphosis. b Ratio of metamorphosis completion 24 h after adding substrate (nâ=â20 from each three batch)
Fig. 3. Effects on metamorphosis by all-trans RA or DMSO treatments in P. pectinifera.
aâe Metamorphosis induction of 14-dpf larvae by exogenous all-trans RA (0.1 or 1 µM) treatment (nâ=â50 from each three batch). a, b, d, e Induced juvenile of 96 h after RA 0.1, 1 µM treatment, respectively. c DMSO-treated larvae (96 h after treatment). Arrow heads indicate developed juvenile rudiment, white arrowheads point out absorbed larval body, and arrows show primary podia. The scale bars in aâc, dâe display 250, 50 µm, respectively. The number in figure show the ratio of metamorphosed larvae/treated larvae. f Temporal effects on metamorphosis induction of all-trans RA (1 µM). Numbers in figure show percentage of metamorphosed specimen (nâ=â20 from each three batch in each treatment) and background colors are depended on their percentage and divided into five darkness levels, meaning 0, 0â25, 25â50, 50â75 and 75â100%. Vertical axis indicates days after treatment and horizontal axis indicates days after fertilization
Fig. 4. Effects on settlement or metamorphosis by RO or DEAB treatments in P. pectinifera.
aâi RO 3 µM treatment inhibited metamorphosis of 14-dpf larvae induction by RA 1 µM treatments (nâ=â20 from each three batch). aâd Left side of specimen at 24 h after treatment and eâh does ventral or dorsal side of these. Each specimen is taken from following treatment, a, e RA 0.1 µM, b, f RA 0.1 µM with RO 3 µM, c, g RA 1 µM and d, h RA 1 µM with RO 3 µM. The scale bars in aâh display 125 µm. i indicates metamorphosis ratio of 24 h after treatments. j, k Effects of RO in settlement and metamorphosis (nâ=â24 from each three batch). j Schematic machinery of inhibition of RA signaling by RO. k Settlement and metamorphosis ratio of 14-dpf larvae in 24 h after RO 1 µM treatment with substrate (nâ=â72 from three batches). l, m Effects of DEAB in settlement and metamorphosis (nâ=â36 from each three batch). l Schematic machinery of inhibition of RA signaling by DEAB. m Settlement and metamorphosis ratio of 14-dpf larvae in 24 h after DEAB 100, 300 µM treatment with substrate
Fig. 5. Spatial expression pattern of raldha, raldhb, raldhc, rar, and rxr in P. pectinifera.. aâo show results of whole mount in situ hybridization of raldha, raldhb, raldhc, rar and rxr in larval stages (aâe 6 dpf, fâj 9 dpf and kâo 14 dpf) and metamorphosing larvae just after settlement (pât). Dot line means the boundary of before and after settlement. The inset figures of k, n and o show the expression in hydrolobes. L: left view, V: ventral view and D: dorsal view. Arrow heads indicate the expression in epidermis around brachiolar arms and white arrow heads point out the expression in hydrolobes. Arrows point expression in juvenilerudiment. Non-specific expressions are indicated by asterisk
Fig. 6. Schematic RA signaling function as regulator of metamorphosis. RA signaling activation is induced by receiving environmental cue with adhesive papillae of brachiolar arms and commences metamorphosis process
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