Curr Top Membr 2025 Oct 11;96:85-104. doi: 10.1016/bs.ctm.2025.07.008.

Fungal extracellular vesicles: Advances and perspectives in treatments, therapies, and vaccination.

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Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-bound nanostructures secreted by various cell types under physiological and pathological conditions. These vesicles carry a diverse cargo of biologically active molecules, including proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and metabolites. The molecular and structural heterogeneity of EVs presents challenges in fundamental biology, biomarker development, and therapeutic applications. Fungal EVs have gained attention for their roles in pathogenesis, immune modulation, and potential targets for therapies and vaccines. EVs have numerous roles in intercellular communication, facilitated by the transfer of cargo to recipient cells or the interaction of EV surface proteins with cellular receptors. However, the question of how they traverse the cell wall remains a mystery. Fungal EVs can modulate the cell wall through enzymes, contributing to the transition of EVs by the fungal cell wall. As research progresses and technological barriers are overcome, EVs are emerging as valuable targets and promising tools in precision medicine. With continuous improvements in EV isolation, characterization, and manipulation, the next decade is likely to bring significant breakthroughs that will have a profound impact on both basic science and clinical practice.

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