ECB-ART-54294
Mar Pollut Bull
2025 Sep 15;222Pt 1:118692. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2025.118692.
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Biomarker responses in gills of Holothuria tubulosa from coastal waters of Eivissa Island (Western Mediterranean, Spain) to anthropogenic impact.
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Marine pollution from microplastics (MPs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) can affect benthic consumers. The aim was to quantify MPs and seven >3-ringed PAHs, identify polymer types by μ-ATR-FTIR, and assess antioxidant and detoxification biomarkers in gills of Holothuria tubulosa at three Eivissa Island sites: Sant Antoni (highly anthropogenic impacted site, SA), Santa Eulària (moderately impacted site, SE) and Pou des Lleó (minimally impacted site, PL). A total of 95 MPs were found in gills (SA: 44; SE: 32; PL: 19), averaging 4.4 ± 0.72, 3.20 ± 0.51 and 1.90 ± 0.43 MPs per individual at SA, SE and PL. Higher MP amounts occurred in sediment and seawater at the highly impacted site as compared to the moderately and minimally impacted sites. μ-ATR-FTIR identified polyester, polypropylene and HDPE as the dominant polymers in gill items. Among seven PAHs, indeno[1,2,3-c,d]pyrene (InP), chrysene (Chr) and benzo[a]anthracene (BaA) were quantified in sediments (InP: 1.18 ± 0.01 μg/kg at SA and 1.04 ± 0.06 μg/kg at PL; Chr: 2.90 ± 0.90 μg/kg at SA; BaA: 3.70 ± 0.70 μg/kg at SA and 2.98 ± 0.08 μg/kg at SE). Antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GRd) and reduced glutathione (GSH) increased at the highly impacted site (CAT p = 0.003; SOD p = 0.045; GRd p = 0.023; GSH p < 0.001). The activity of glutathione S-transferase (p = 0.006) and ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (p < 0.001) also increased, while that of glutathione peroxidase and malondialdehyde did not differ. Results indicate site-dependent MP and PAH increases that are correlated with enhanced oxidative stress and detoxification responses in H. tubulosa, supporting its use as a coastal bioindicator.
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