Kefil S et al. (2025), A parasite through time: Revisiting Trypanosoma...

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Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2025 Aug 04;27:101097. doi: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2025.101097.

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A parasite through time: Revisiting Trypanosoma rajae Laveran and Mesnil, 1902 with new molecular and morphological insights from the blood of Rajidae in the western Mediterranean.

Kefil S , Duval L , Labat A , Bouguerche C , Kechemir-Issad N .

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Trypanosomes are blood parasitic protozoa infecting Chordates, including the elasmobranch skates (Rajidae). Amongst, Trypanosoma rajae Laveran and Mesnil, 1902 is a century old parasite, first briefly described from the Mediterranean starry ray Raja asterias and the undulate ray R. undulata off Roscoff, France, Northeast Atlantic, for which illustrations and molecular data are still lacking. Herein, we investigate blood trypanosomes of R. asterias, type-host of T. rajae and of those from the blood of the brown ray R. miraletus, collected off the Algerian coast, Western Mediterranean. We describe these trypanosomes using an integrative taxonomic approach combining morphological characters and partial 18S rRNA gene sequencing, and we provide several morphological, morphometrical, anatomical and biological characteristics (division stages). Specific characteristics of Trypanosoma ex R. asterias such as granulations of the nucleus and cytoplasm; shape of the kinetoplast, nucleus and body; tip of the body; the undulating membrane, as well as the morphometric measurements were within the ranges given in the previous records of T. rajae, and we ascribe thus the newly collected trypanosomes from R. asterias to T. rajae. Algeria and the Western Mediterranean are new locality records for T. rajae. Trypanosomes ex R. miraletus differed from T. rajae ex R. asterias by some morphometrical data: posterior end to kinetoplast (PK), free flagellum length (FF), the kinetoplast index (KI), slenderness (Sle), flagellar index (FI), mid-nucleus to anterior end (NA) and parasite maximum body width at nucleus (BWN). Partial 18S rRNA gene sequences of T. rajae ex R. asterias and Trypanosoma sp. ex R. miraletus showed ∼99.76 % similarity. We take a conservative position and refer to trypanosomes from R. miraletus as T. cf. rajae. Phylogenetic analysis using 18S rRNA gene sequences of other aquatic trypanosomes allowed positioning of T. rajae relative to the other trypanosome species, previously described, infecting marine and freshwater hosts worldwide. Some divisional stages were also observed on MGG-stained thin smears allowing a brief description of the division of this trypanosome in the blood of its host. This effort is the first study of T. rajae using integrative taxonomy combining morphology and DNA and we provide for the first time observations of dividing stages of this species in the host blood.

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	Fig. 1. Photographs of the “elongated” morphotype (morphotype 1) of Trypanosoma from Rajidae from the Western Mediterranean. A, C, Trypanosoma cf. rajae ex Raja miraletus; B, D, Trypanosoma rajaeLaveran and Mesnil, 1902 ex Raja asterias. Images from blood smears fixed with methanol and stained with MGG. Abbreviations: FF: Free Flagellum, UM: Undulating Membrane, TR: Transparent Ring, N: Nucleus, FP: Flagellar Pocket, K: Kinetoplast and F: Flagellum. Scale bar: 5 μm.
	Fig. 2. Line drawings of the “elongated” morphotype (morphotype 1) of Trypanosoma from Rajidae from the Western Mediterranean. Drawing from thin blood smears stained with MGG. A, B, Trypanosoma rajaeLaveran and Mesnil, 1902 ex Raja miraletus. C, D, Trypanosoma rajaeLaveran and Mesnil, 1902 ex Raja asterias.
	Fig. 3. Photographs of the “stumpy” morphotype (morphotype 2) of Trypanosoma from Rajidae from the Western Mediterranean. A, B, Trypanosoma rajaeLaveran and Mesnil, 1902 ex Raja asterias; C, D, Trypanosoma cf. rajae ex Raja miraletus. Images from blood smears fixed and stained with MGG. Abbreviations: K: Kinetoplast, F: Flagellum, N: Nucleus, FF: Free Flagellum, FP: Flagellar Pocket and TR: Transparent Ring. Scale bar: 10 μm.
	Fig. 4. Line drawings of the “stumpy” morphotype (morphotype 2) of Trypanosoma ex Raja asterias from the Western Mediterranean. Drawing from thin blood smears stained with MGG.
	Fig. 5. Stages of trypanosome cell division on thin smears of Trypanosoma rajaeLaveran and Mesnil, 1902 examined from the blood of Raja asterias, stained with MGG. A, 1K1N stage with duplicating kinetoplast. B, 2K1N stage. C-E, 2K1N stages with dividing nucleus. F, 2K2N stage. G-I, Cytokinesis of 2K2N stages. Abbreviations: N, Nucleus. K, Kinetoplast. EP, Equatorial plate. CF, Cleavage furrow. DT, Daughter trypanosomes. Scale bar: 5 μm.
	Fig. 6. Molecular phylogenetic analysis by Maximum-Likelihood methods with GTR + G + I model, maximum likelihood bootstrap values (1000 replicates) and Bayesian posterior probabilities are indicated on branches. Partial 18S rRNA gene sequences of Trypanosoma parasites of fishes or aquatic vertebrates were retrieved from GenBank for phylogenetic reconstruction. The phylogenetic tree was rooted using avian trypanosomes. Node values less than 50 % were not displayed. Newly generated sequences are framed in red.
	Fig. 7. Biogeographic distribution of Raja undulata and Raja asterias, type-hosts of Trypanosoma rajaeLaveran and Mesnil, 1902; and of Raja miraletus reported herein as host for Trypanosoma cf. rajae.